Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Define adolescence

A

Early 11-14
middle 14-17
late 18+

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2
Q

What are the main physical changes in puberty?

A

Girls - breast budding, growth of pubic hair, growth spurt, menarche, underarm hair, change in body shape

Boys - growth of scrotum and testes, change in voice, lengthening of penis, growth of pubic hair, growth spurt (later than girls), change in body shape, growth of facial and underarm hair

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3
Q

Define puberty

A

process of physical changes through which a child’s body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction

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4
Q

what are the main endocrine factors associated with puberty?

A

Testosterone and oestradiol

Neurokinin B and kisspeptin - switches on GnRH

IGF1 - growth

Leptin

Before puberty, the hypothalamus and pituitary are very sensitive to negative feedback signals from testosteron and oestrogen. During puberty, this decreases

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5
Q

What are the normal ages of puberty?

A

Girls - 8-17

Boys - 9-18

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6
Q

What are the changes in the inset of puberty since mid-19th centruy?

A

Age of onset lowering

drop of 4 months every decade

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7
Q

Define menarche and adrenarche

A

menarche - onset of first menstrual cycle

Adrenarche - prior to onset of puberty, increase in androgen production, age 6-10

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8
Q

What are the main psychological changes in adolescence?

A

Identity vs confusion

Abstract thinking, personal moral compass

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9
Q

What are the main areas of normal social development in adolescence?

A

More formal groups of friends formed

Friendships - empathic stage - share common interests, make active attempts to understand each other, share personal info, respond sensitively

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10
Q

What are the main features of anorexia nervosa?

A

Deliberate weight loss, induced and sustained by a dread of fatness and flabbiness - overvalued idea

Patients impose a low weight threshold on themselves

Body weight is 15% below BMI

Pre-pubertal patients may not go through puberty well

Amenorrhoea
loss of libido

HIGHEST MORTALITY RATE of any psychiatric disorder

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11
Q

What are the range of mood disorders?

A

Depression
Bipolar affective disorder
Psychotic depression
mixed anxiety and depression

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12
Q

What are the main features of conduct disorder?

A

persistent failure to control behaviour appropriately within socially defined rules

  • defiance against authority
  • aggressiveness
  • antisocial behaviour
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13
Q

What are the risk factors for anorexia?

A

psychological - depression, anxiety, low self esteem, perfectionism

social - higher social class, profession, media, culture

biological - genetic, hormones

external - childhood abuse, dieting, life events

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14
Q

In what group of people is anorexia most common in?

A

most common in adolescent girls and women up to menopause

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of anorexia?

A

restricted diet
excessive exercise
induced vomiting
use of diuretics or appetite suppressants

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16
Q

What are the treatments available for anorexia?

A

psychological - family therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy

Physical - hospital admin, nasogastric tube feed

17
Q

What is depression?

A

can be single symptom or cluster

symptoms persist for at least 2 weeks
irritability

Increased rate of depression in girls from mid/late adolescence

18
Q

Is there a familial link for depression?

A

Yes

19
Q

What’s is the treatment for mild depression?

A

Support and stress reduction, non-specific counselling

20
Q

What is the treatment for moderate depression?

A

3 step plan

support/ stress reduction
cognitive behavioural therpy
medication

21
Q

What is the treatment for severe depression?

A

Combo from start

May last for 6-9 months

22
Q

What is conduct disorder associated with?

A

More in males
lower socioeconomic class
large family size

23
Q

What could be the cause of conduct disorder?

A

immediate environment - parents, sexual abuse

wider environment - school, others

24
Q

What is the treatment for conduct disorder?

A

Child-focused: behaviour modification, problem-solving skills training

Family-focused:

  • family counselling
  • social work
  • parent management training