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LifeSpan Development Final > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

What ages are in adolescence?

A

12-20

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2
Q

Adolescence is the transition between _______ and _________.

A

Childhood; Adulthood

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3
Q

During adolescence, the child has reached what kind of maturity?

A

Sexual maturity

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4
Q

What is average age of menarche today? What was it in Europe, 1840?

A

Today - 13; 1840 - 17

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5
Q

What is average age of first marriage in western cultures?

A

Mid-twenties

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6
Q

Describe how adolescence can feel to adolescent.

A

Can be a time of ambiguity and stress.

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7
Q

Describe the Offer’s research on adolescents.

A

According to Offer’s research, most teens love and feel loved by their parents (surveyed teens from 10 countries: other studies prove the same to be true, many reporting they feel supported and wanted by their parents.

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8
Q

Define Puberty.

A

Physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood. This includes bodily changes and sexual maturation.

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9
Q

Describe the bodily changes (in general size) that occur during puberty.

A

dramatic changes in height and weight: 14-15 lbs for girls; 16-17 lbs for boys in one year.

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10
Q

When does puberty start for girls v. boys?

A

Puberty for girls starts around 10 (can be as late as 16); 12 (can be as late as 18) for boys.

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11
Q

What is menarche? When does it occur?

A

1st menstrual period; 12 or 13.

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12
Q

What is spermarche? When does it occur?

A

First spontaneous ejaculation; occurs around 13.

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13
Q

What are some possible reasons that menarche is much more delayed now than 100 years ago?

A

Better nutrition, health care, light?

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14
Q

At what ages might girls be ahead of boys in height and weight?

A

11-11.5 and 14-14.5; Boys eventually catch up and surpass girls.

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15
Q

Why are early maturing boys/girls at a disadvantage?

A

Frequently leads to spending more time with older adolescents, exposing them to risky behavior; late maturation can be difficult as well - they are out of step, not accepted by peers.

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16
Q

What are some major concerns for adolescents?

A

physical appearance, future work/career, finances, school

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17
Q

Describe some physical appearance changes during adolescence.

A

pimples, irregular teeth, freckles

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18
Q

What cognitive developmental stage is adolescents in?

A

According to Piaget - Formal Operational Stage; They are able to deal with the hypothetical, contemplate state of affairs that do not exist, can compare the ideal to the actual, can be puzzled by profound questions; can manipulate abstract ideas, talk about purpose and meaning of life.

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19
Q

Adolescent thinking is also characterized by ________.

A

Egocentrism or self-centeredness.

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20
Q

Describe David Elkind’s theory of “Imaginary Audience”

A

Teen imagines that a collection of beings watch and evaluate him/her at all times; they are in effect actors whose performance is watched closely by their peers; This is why their appearance and outward image is really important to them.

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21
Q

Describe David Elkind’s theory of “Personal Fable”.

A

Teens believe that their experiences and feelings are unique - no one has ever felt or thought as they do; contributes to illusion of invulnerability.

22
Q

Describe the “Illusion of Invulnerability”.

A

Part of a teen’s “personal fable” - the belief that misfortune only happens others; they can take risks but nothing will happen to them (I can have sex but won’t get pregnant, I can take drugs without getting addicted, I can drive crazy without having an accident)

23
Q

Every year in the U.S. __ adolescent in _____ dies. Among boys, most deaths are due to ______ or _____.

A

1 of 1000; car accidents or firearms

24
Q

What are the three levels i Kohlberg’s Model of Moral Development?

A

Level 1: Pre-Conventional (Stage 1: Obedience orientation; Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation), Level 2: Conventional (Stage 3: Good boy/Nice Girl Morality; Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation),
Level 3: Post-Conventional (Stage 5- Mutuality of Social Contract; Stage 6: Universal Ethical)

25
Q

Describe how Kohlberg’s levels of Moral development relate to each other.

A

The levels are sequential but succeeding levels never entirely replace preceding ones.

26
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s first level of moral development.

A

Pre-conventional: based on external factors; rewards & punishments, “Good is that which has pleasant consequences for me, Bad is that which has negative consequences for me”; Stage 1: Obedience orientation (obedience to authority; authority knows whats right/wrong) Stage 2: Instrumental Orientation (nice behavior for future favor; “I will do something good for you because I gain by the deed”

27
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s second level of moral development.

A

Conventional: Look to societal norms; Morality designed to maintain good relations;
Stage 3: Good boy/Nice girl morality (“Good behavior is that which receives wide approval from significant people”, living up to others’ expectations) Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation (Conformity to law (rules) is important - to maintaining adult approval)-

28
Q

What level of moral development (Kohlberg) are older adolescents and many adults?

A

Level 2 - Conventional “Conforming to the law is important for maintaining adult approval”

29
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s third level of development.

A

Post-Conventional: Personal Moral Code; have values apart from the approval of others; Stage 5: Mutuality of Social Contract (Morality is viewed in terms of individual rights, ideals & principles) Stage 6: Universal Ethical (Judgments based on fundamental ethical principles - justice, compassion, equality); “Laws are useful but not sacred - Love and concern for people before rules & regs”

30
Q

One out of eight adults operate at which level of moral development?

A

Level 3: Post-Conventional

31
Q

How did Kohlberg believe his stages apply to cultures?

A

He believed it was universal, however research indicates it reflects American culture more.

32
Q

What does research show about morals and values for American culture vs. other cultures?

A

American: emphasizes individual rights and justice.
Other: emphasize duty and responsibility to others.

33
Q

Which gender did Kohlberg base his research on?

A

Males

34
Q

What differences between genders did Gilligan find during moral development?

A

Males: “Don’t do harm; Don’t commit adultery”; Females: “Be kind, be faithful”

35
Q

Describe the universal adolescent. (Psychologically, socially, sexually, family, coping)

A

Psychologically - usually happy, optimistic, enjoys being alive; Socially - enjoys the company of others, caring, compassionate, places great value on school/education/prep for adult work
Sexually - confident about the sexual self, willing to talk/think about sex
Family - express strongly positive feeling towards parents, high satisfaction with homelife, good feelings about relationships at home
Coping- expresses confidence in his/her ability to deal with life, feels talented and able to make decisions

36
Q

Describe Steinberg’s research findings on adolescents’ view on their parents (2001).

A

Most adolescents: admire and -love their parents/feel loved by them

  • rely on parents for advice
  • embrace many of their parents’ values
37
Q

Study of Arab adolescents in Israel showed 82% of adolescents said they felt ____. 89% reported they _____ their family.

A

wanted by their family; appreciated.

38
Q

In all families there are conflicts over _____ issues.

A

Minor; Examples: hairstyles, clothing, curfews, etc.

39
Q

In ___% of families, conflicts are more serious and associated with behavioral problems. What is the culprit?

A

25%; adolescent failure to regulate emotions

40
Q

List 4 tips for raising teens.

A

1) Listen to your teen.
2) Don’t shelter from natural consequences but be careful about artificial punishments.
3) Have rules but keep to minimum.
4) Remember they have an allergic reaction to being controlled.

41
Q

What are the 4 types of identity status according to Marcia?

A

Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Identity Achieved; This period is a time where adolescents can experiment with different roles in their quest for identity

42
Q

Describe Identity Diffusion.

A

Overwhelmed by the task (procrastinate); no commitment to an identity but no crisis either;

43
Q

Describe Foreclosure.

A

Strong commitment to an identity but no crisis or struggle; hand me down identity; common in strict, fundamentalist homes

44
Q

Define Moratorium.

A

No commitment to an identity but struggling (crisis); trying to find themselves; examining different alternatives

45
Q

Define Identity Achieved.

A

Clear cut commitment to an identity that was achieved through struggle

46
Q

By the end of high school, approx. ____ of American teens will have had _____ at least once.

A

2/3; sex

47
Q

Teens are less likely to have sex when they feel ______, parents ________, and when parents’ values ______ _____.

A

close to their parents, parents monitor their teens’ activities, values discourage sex.

48
Q

Describe how each gender relates to sex during adolescence.

A

Boys: recreational/self-oriented; Girls: viewed as romantic; there’s an expectation of a developing interpersonal relationship

49
Q

Research by the YRBS shows that the percentage of high schoolers that have had sex has _____ compared to previous years.

A

decreased gradually

50
Q

__ in every __ American teen girls who have had sex become pregnant.

A

1 in 6

51
Q

Nearly ____ babies are born to American teenagers annually.

A

half a million

52
Q

In teenage pregnancies in 1994, 55% resulted in _____. This number moved to ___% in 2002.

A

birth; 57%

LifeSpan Development Final (4 decks)

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