Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Psych > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty

A

Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place in early adolescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Girls onset of puberty age

A

11 and 12 years (but lots of variability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Boys onset of puberty age

A

13 and 14 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a secular trend?

A

a pattern of change that occurs over several generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

characteristics that are associated with the development of organs required for reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

signs of sexual maturity that do not involve sex organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Menarche

A

onset of menstruation

  • timing varies across the world
  • proportion of fat to muscle plays a role
  • girls have lately been entering puberty earlier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Puberty in boys, main genital effects

A
  • growth of penis and scrotum around age 12, reaches adult size 3-4 years later
  • prostate gland and seminal vesicles enlarge
  • spermarche- occurs around 13
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands and carried through bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypothalamus

A

brain structure involved in eating and sexual behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone associated in boys with genital development, increased height, deep voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Estradiol

A

Hormone associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Body image

A
  • adolescents are preoccupied with their bodies

- body dissatisfaction is more present during puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gender differences in body image

A
  • Girls less happy with their bodies

- Boys become more satisfied with their bodies as they move through puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Early maturation in Boys

A

-perceive themselves more positively and had more successful peer relationships than late-maturing boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Early maturation in girls

A
  • May increase girls’ vulnerability to problems

- smoking, drinking, eating disorders, early dating and sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sleep patterns in adolescence

A
  • inadequate sleep, less than 8 hours
  • when given opportunity to sleep as long as desired, avg is 9 hours 25 mins
  • hormonal shifts in biological clock cause later waking (delay in melatonin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Obesity rates

A

1/5 adolescents are overweight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Obesity increases the risk of

A
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • future obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a big contributor to obesity?

A

-lack of exercise and healthy eating choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

  • weighing less than 85% of normal weight for that age
  • intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What type of disorders are often present with eating disorders?

A

Mood and anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What medication can be used to treat eating disorders?

A

Antidepressants can be used but only when individual reaches a typical weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can eating disorders result in death?

A

Can be the restriction of food itself, or cardiovascular dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • binge and purge eating pattern
  • self induced vomiting
  • preoccupied with food, strong fear of becoming overweight
  • late adolescence, early adulthood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Binge eating disorder

A
  • binge without the purge
  • frequently overweight
  • eat in secret and feel disgust after
  • begins in childhood or adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of parents are more likely to have children with eating disorders?

A

Perfectionist or over demanding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why do adolescents use drugs?

A
  • Pleasure
  • Escape from pressures
  • Thrill
  • Peer pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a critical risk period for alcohol abuse?

A

Transition from high school to college

  • social and coping benefits from drinking
  • drinking is expected by peers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Binge drinking

A

Having 5 or more drinks in one sitting

1 in 4 uni students report binge drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the number one predictor of if you will do drugs?

A

If your friends use drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tobacco

A
  • males more than females
  • 3% grade 6-9
  • 13% grade 10-12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do we see more drug use among the younger demographic?

A

Executive function, ability to think about how your actions will influence your future, doesn’t mature until 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Neural pruning and myelination

A

These contribute to an increase in cognitive abilities

-prefrontal cortex undergoes dramatic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Formal operational stage

A

the fourth of Piaget’s stages

  • learn to reason logically about abstract concepts
  • abstract thinking, complex thinking, metacognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Systematic problem solving

A

the process of finding a solution to a problem by testing individual factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

the ability to derive conclusions from premises that are hypothetical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What experiment is used to test if people have reached formal operational stage?

A

Pendulum problem

  • if they manipulate one variable at a time, they were at this stage
  • if they manipulated everything at once, they are not
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Does everyone reach formal operational thinking

A

Nope, only 40-60% in University would be able to solve pendulum or cup problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Postformal thinking

A

Type of reasoning that takes into consideration the complexity of situations that occur in real life
-This is beyond formal operational thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Reflective Judgment

A

the ability to evaluate the accuracy of arguments as well as their coherence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Adolescent egocentrism (Piaget)

A

Extreme self-consciousness, belief that others are focused on appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

David Elkind’s view of egocentrism

A

Two beliefs accompany formal operations:

  • Imaginary audience: belief that we are alone on stage with audience judging us
  • Personal fable: belief that he/she is special or unique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Depression

A

More than 25% of adolescents report feeling depression, 3% experience major depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Suicide

A

2nd most common cause of death for 15-24 year olds (1st is car accidents)
-higher success rate for males, but more attempts by females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Suicide rate in 20th century

A

has increased by 600%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many youth who commit suicide were previously seeing therapist?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is critical in preventing suicides?

A

individualized treatment plans

49
Q

Trend in friendships nowadays

A

Rather than establishing a few intimate relationships, trend to have many friends on social media
-losing face to face interactions and depth of communication

50
Q

Middle and high SES education

A

higher scores on standardized testing, low SES has less access to resources

51
Q

Grade inflation

A

students given grade that inflates their perception of performance
-likely not capabilities that have increased, but teachers are just being more generous with grades

52
Q

School dropouts

A

8% of students

  • more males
  • highest in northern areas
  • immigrant youth have a lower dropout rate
  • low SES more likely to dropout
53
Q

Social world monitoring

A

Adolescents monitor their social world, realize they are making different impressions on different people
-have private and public faces

54
Q

What are some areas of adolescent developments in self-understanding

A
  • abstract thinking
  • self consciousness
  • contradictions with self
  • fluctuating self
  • real and ideal self
  • self integration
55
Q

What is the major reason for a dip in self esteem?

A

social comparison

56
Q

Who has higher self-esteem?

A

Males

higher SES background

57
Q

Identity vs identity

A

Erikson

-adolescents faced with deciding who they are, where they are going

58
Q

Search for identity is aided by _______ _______

A

psychosocial moratorium- time when individuals are free to explore identity alternatives

59
Q

Two pathways of identity confusion

A
  • withdraw from peers and family

- immerse themselves in world of peers and lose their identity in the crowd

60
Q

What are the three major pillars of adolescence?

A

1) vocational path
2) ideological stance
3) sexual orientation
- need to develop vague commitment to these

61
Q

True or false, Erikson himself had an identity crisis?

A

True, deceived into thinking man was his real father, but he wasn’t

62
Q

Identity crisis

A

Period of identity development during which individual explores alternatives

63
Q

Identity commitment

A

personal investment in identity

64
Q

4 identity statuses

A

1) Identity diffusion
2) Identity foreclosure
3) Identity moratorium
4) Identity achievement
- status is based on your degree of crisis and commitment

65
Q

Identity foreclosure

A

Made a commitment, but did little exploring

-satisfied, but high need for social approval

66
Q

Identity acheivement

A

Explored a little and made a commitment

67
Q

Identity moratorium

A

Exploring but still made no commitment

68
Q

Identity diffusion

A

No exploring and no commitment

69
Q

What approach is used to determine someone’s status

A

Interview approach

70
Q

What identity most likely in adolescence

A

Key change in identity most likely in adulthood

-young adults are identity diffused, further exploration during college years

71
Q

Three requirements for adolescents to find identity achievement according to Marcia

A
  • confidence that they have parental support
  • established sense of industry
  • take a reflective stance towards future
72
Q

what are MAMA cycles

A

changing from moratorium and achievement and back again

-identity may not remain stable throughout life

73
Q

Identity consolidation

A

continues into early adulthood and possibly into middle

74
Q

What is a key thing for identity exploration to happen?

A

Peer support

-if you are confident in the support of your friends, able to try out more roles and know you won’t be rejected by them

75
Q

Ethnic minority groups and identity

A

struggle to maintain ethnic identity while blending into dominant culture
- cultural majority groups take cultural identity for granted

76
Q

Four categories of ethnic identity when you move to new country

A

Integration- maintain culture, fit into new culture

Assimilation- lose old culture, fit into new culture

Separation- maintain old culture, don’t fit into new culture

Marginalization- don’t maintain old culture or fit into new culture

77
Q

Ethnic Identity

A
  • sense of membership to a group
  • choice between own ethnic group or dominant culture
  • bicultural identity
78
Q

Reference Groups

A

groups of people that an individual compare him or herself to
-don’t have to be part of the group

79
Q

Adolescence is the most important time for _____

A

peer relationships, growing dependence on peers

80
Q

Cliques

A

Small groups (2-12 people)
Members are usually same age and same sex, engage in similar activities
-not necessarily friends with everyone in the clique

81
Q

Crowds

A

larger than clique

  • membership based on reputation
  • do not spend much time together
  • defined by activities
82
Q

When does conformity increase?

A

In adolescence, peaks in grade 8 or 9 just after puberty

More likely to conform if being pressured by someone who you perceive as higher in social status

83
Q

Controversial adolescents

A

liked by some peers, disliked by others

84
Q

Rejected adolescents

A

actively disliked and peers may react to them in negative ways

85
Q

Neglected adolescents

A

receive little attention from peers

86
Q

Undersocialized delinquents

A

raised with little discipline or harsh, uncaring supervision

  • engage in early criminal activity, often have ADHD
  • Rehab is hard, recidivism is high
87
Q

Socialized delinquents

A

know and subscribe to the norms of society

-highly peer influenced, parenting is not the problem

88
Q

What part of the brain has an important role in maternal attachment

A

Prefrontal cortex

-subcortical regions of the amygdala

89
Q

What hormones are important in maternal-infant bond

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

-oxytocin released during breast feeding

90
Q

Secure attachment

A

facilitates social competence and well-being, makes for healthier and higher quality relationships later in life

91
Q

What are the outcomes of secure attachment

A

positive peer relations, emotional regulation

92
Q

Stages in romantic relationships

A
  • Entry into romantic attractions, crushes, dating in groups (11-13 yr old)
  • Exploring romantic relationships, causal dating (14-16 yrd old)
  • Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds, more serious romances and emotional bonds (17-19 yr old)
93
Q

What percentage of 11-13 year olds have relationship experience

A

15-20%

94
Q

What plays a role in determining if teenagers will have a late start to dating?

A

Parental values and parental religious inclinations

95
Q

Intimacy

A

Uncommon in early relationships, becomes more common in later adolescence. Intimacy is about being vulnerable and letting down your guard

96
Q

First sexual intercourse

A

43% between 15-19 years old

97
Q

What did Kinsey say about sexual preferences?

A

That people exist on a continuum of sexual preferences

98
Q

Transgendered vs transexual

A

transgendered, identity doesn’t conform to what is typical of your sex
Transexual- altered yourself surgically to be opposite sex

99
Q

What determines sexual orientation?

A
  • genetics
  • hormone production
  • environmental factors
100
Q

How many teenage pregnancies?

A

2.5% of teenage girls become pregnant in Canada,

1 in 20 sexually active teens will become pregnant

101
Q

Risk factors for teenage pregnancies

A
  • social and gamily difficulties
  • have mothers who were also adolescent mothers
  • early puberty
  • sexually abused
  • alcohol
102
Q

Religion

A

really important time for consolidation of beliefs
-increased logical reasoning, abstract thinking,
idealistic thinking

103
Q

Cults can have health damaging behaviours

A

Ex. ignoring medical advice, refusing blood transfusions

104
Q

Most religions promote health

A

Influence lifestyle issues, social networks, coping with stress, support group

105
Q

Does working in adolescence benefit them?

A

it does benefit those in low income neighbourhoods –> increased school engagement and decreased delinquency

106
Q

What is a friendship?

A

Relationship that is reciprocal, based on mutual affection

107
Q

What are the basic building blocks of interpersonal relationships?

A

Social skills

108
Q

Philosophical perspective on friendships

A

1) Utility- provide some kind of use to you
2) Affection
3) The “Good”- like them for who they are, for the sake of liking

109
Q

Psychological perspective on friendships

A

“Chumships”- especially capable of providing empathy. A real friend

Developmental context-adolescence is the true friendships

Interpersonal understanding

110
Q

Level 0 friendship (3-7 years)

A

Egocentric, undifferentiated

-friend is someone in close proximity

111
Q

Level 1 friendship (4-9 years)

A

Unilateral, one way assistance

-friend is someone who does something based on your wants and needs

112
Q

Level 2 friendship (6-12 years)

A

Reciprocal , cooperation, trust

-friendship is a two-way street

113
Q

Level 3 friendship (11-15 years)

A

Mutual, intimate

-trust and jealousy are related to the friendship bond

114
Q

Level 4 friendship (15+ years)

A

Interdependence

-stable and enduring

115
Q

Friendship characteristics in preschoolers

A
  1. Stability
  2. Complexity of play
  3. Affect
116
Q

Reciprocity

A

degree to which two friends like one another

-more frequent in middle childhood

117
Q

When asked to choose best friend in the class, those who choose eachother are a ___

A

dyad

118
Q

Friendship Quality

A
  • positive
  • negative
  • exclusivity/asymmetry
119
Q

Stability of friendships

A

Early childhood- moderate instability, 50% of friendships maintained across a school year

Middle childhood

  • some instability
  • 75% of friendships maintained across a school year

Developmental Psych (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions