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Developmental Concepts > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Adolescence

A

11-18 years

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2
Q

Young Adulthood

A

18-22/25

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3
Q

Erikson stages

A

different from our rankings

adolescence starts at 12-19 (identity vs confusion)

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4
Q

Adolescent period

What does it begin and end with?

A

transition between childhood and adulthood

begins with sexual maturity and ends with cessation of growth

involves physical and psychological development
- physical and sexual maturity
- grow self-consciousness and search for identity
-develop more sophisticated reasoning ability and abstract thinking

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5
Q

Pre-adolescence (and ages)

A

marked by rapid physical growth and development of secondary sex characteristics

females; 8-10 years
males; production of sperm

males; 9-11 years of age

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6
Q

Preadolescence - what characterizes it and what starts/ends it

A

a child’s sexual and physical characteristics mature

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7
Q

Four major changes of puberty

A
  1. development of primary sex characteristics (sex organs)
  2. development of secondary sex characteristics
  3. rapid physical growth - spurt in height and weight IMPORTANT IN PT
  4. changes in body proportions

More susceptible to injury in this phase (hormonal changes)

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8
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

testes and ovaries

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9
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

physical appearance

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10
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

controls onset of puberty

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11
Q

Factors affecting timing of puberty

A

genetics
stress
socioeconomic status
environmental toxins
nutrition and diet and exercise
amount of fat and body weight
chronic illness

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12
Q

Puberty in Female Athletes

A

delayed menarche (first menstruation)

menstrual irregularities
- first ovulatory cycle occurs after menarche
- pubertal maturation; establishment of cyclic function (cycle)
- establishment of successive ovulatory does not occur for months to years after mencarch

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13
Q

Pubertal maturation

A

establishment of cyclic ovarian function

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14
Q

Establishment of successive ovulatory cycles occurs when?

A

not for months to years after menarche (first menstruation) in female athleyes

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15
Q

What is the period with most rapid growth, and what’s the second?

A

Most growth - prenatal period

SECOND - PUBERTY

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16
Q

Where does the growth spurt during puberty begin on the body

A

feet to legs to trunk

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17
Q

Puberty Height Changes

A

boys; 4-12 inches
continue to grow in height up to 18-20 years of age; reach 98% of final height by age 18

girls; 2-8 inches
ceases growth between 16-17 years of age; reach 98% of final height by age 17

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18
Q

Puberty weight changes

A

boys; 15-65 pounds

girls; 15-65 pounds

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19
Q

BMI

A

underweight; < 18.5
healthy weight; 18.8-24.9
overweight; 25-29.9
obese; 30+

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20
Q

BMI for age

A

Underweight: <5%
Healthy weight; 5-85%
Overweight: 85-95%
Obese; 95%+

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21
Q

Puberty changes in body Proportions

A

face - nose reaches adult size first

hands and feet reach adult size before arms and legs

limbs and trunk; LE becomes longer than trunk

BONES OFTEN GROW FASTER THAN MUSCLES LEADING TO MOTOR AWKWARDNESS

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22
Q

Late adolescence changes in body proportions

A

growth slows down

body proportions are similar to those of adults

bones growth stops - permits adolescents to stabilize the organization of different muscular patterns (improved coordination)

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23
Q

When does bone growth stop

A

late adolescence

girls -18
body - 21

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24
Q

skeletal maturity

A

attained when when the epiphyseal plates close

epiphyseal closure is typically complete at age 25

closure begins in childhood (cranial bones fuse at 2, verterebral arches 1st year, lumbar spine 6yrs)

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25
Q

Precautions with skeletal bones

A

a fracture acorss a growth plate can lead to asymmetrical growth of that joint

**The use of ultrasound is contraindicated over epiphyseal areas in children

26
Q

Where does change in height typically stop?

A

18-20 due to the closure in the growth plates of long bones

on average females stop growing around age 13-15 and boys 15-17

27
Q

When is bone immature and what is an indicator that is has matured?

A

bone is immature through much of adolescence (more porous and thick periosteum, unstable physis/growth plates)

indicator of maturation: compare ossification amount on x-ray with standards

28
Q

Muscular system changes

A

increases muscle size, strength and endurance

muscle mass increases first as body grows

increase in strength directly related to increases in muscle mass during growth

29
Q

When does muscle diameter reach its adult level

A

early teens (12-15)

30
Q

When does strength increase? Ages

A

increases linearly with age from childhood through adolescence (6-18)

girls - levels off after 15

boys - accelerates between age 13-20

31
Q

Pulse rate

A

60-90 beat/min

32
Q

Respiratory rate

A

16-24 breaths/min

33
Q

Cardiopulmonary changes

A

has to respond to growth/changes in musculoskeletal

increase size of heart and blood volume

increase weight and volume of lungs

34
Q

HR and SV during acute exercises

A

HR higher

SV lower

35
Q

Cardiac output in children and teens

A

higher

adjusted for mass

36
Q

Temperature regulation

A

Produce more metabolic heat/mass unit during physical activities

greater surface area-to-body mass ratio

lower sweating capacity due to fewer sweat glands

37
Q

Implications of temperature regulation in adolescence?

A

at high temps - at risk for heat-related injuries

at low temps - risk for increased heat loss

kids can’t tolerate the same heat as adults!

38
Q

FITTVP

A

F: 3-5 days
I: 50-85% of VO2 max, 40-50% in deconditioned people, use RPE
T: 30-60 min (if <30, increase frequency)
T: play, games, sports, chores, recreation, PE

39
Q

Puberty Psychologically

A

often becomes negative in their attitudes and interaction; growing self consciousness relates to their changing bodies

40
Q

Social antagonism

A

(psychological changes with puberty)

need for privacy, resent supervision and directions, struggle for independence, wish to be free from restrictions and parental control

41
Q

How do growth spurt changes impact psychosocial elements

A

growth spurts change self-esteem and peer group status

grow self-consciousness

42
Q

What is another major component of psychosocial development in adolescence

A

search for identity - separation from family

develop their own self-concepts; question and test out values and beliefs

emotion issues: confusion, depression, discouragement

adolescence - identitiy vs confusion (Erikson)

43
Q

Young teens (13-14) Psychosocial development

A

most self centered, seen from their point of view

value peer’s opinions with the stereotypical adolescent preoccupations

44
Q

Middle teens (15-16) Psychosocial development

A

better at compromising, more tolerant of others’ view

think more independently and make more of their own decision

risk-taking behaviors, with a focus on the present and denial of consequence

dating begins 15-16

45
Q

Late teens (17-18) Psychosocial development

A

develop a sense of seriousness

ends when they take on adult work roles, marry or become parents

46
Q

What ages are their an increasingly capable of thinking hypothetically, applying formal logic, and using abstract concepts

(cognitive development)

A

11-14

more relative and less absolute

more self-reflective
capable of considering an extended time perspective

47
Q

Self esteem

A

initial decline in early adolescence (particularly among girls)

small gains during second decade of life

48
Q

What is self esteem affected by?

A

physical attractiveness, girls

acceptance by peers

academic competence

athletic ability and conduct

PEER SUPPORT

49
Q

Depression is the __ leading cause of death

A

3rd in youths and young adults

50
Q

How many people commit suicide?

A

5000 young people aged 15-24 commit suicide

51
Q

What masks depression?

A

anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse, hyperactivity

52
Q

Destructive behaviors

A

disordered eating, self-injurious behaviors, substance abuse

53
Q

What accompanies puberty

A

sexual arousal

54
Q

How many people have sex by end of high school and how many use condoms?

who is at most risk of abuse?

A

48% have sex end of HS

57% use condoms

special needs at higher risk of sexual abuse

55
Q

Why do adolescence have an increased risk for injury as athletes?

A

sports specialization (neuromuscular control improves when adolescents play multiple sports)

rapid growth spurts and change in body proportion = decreased coordination

increased training volume

56
Q

RED-S

A

relative energy deficiency in sport

common in adolescent athletes

insufficient calorie intake or excessive energy expenditure = inadequate energy to support functions

57
Q

What was RED-S formerly known as?

A

female athlete triad

energy deficiency, low bone mass, menstrual disturbance

now includes females and males

58
Q

Who are ACL tears common in?

A

female athletes or pediatric patients with growth plate fracture

ACL resists anterior translation of the tibia

59
Q

What does an ACL tear put someone at risk of?

A

increased risk of osteoarthritis

60
Q

STNR emerges when? Integrates when?

A

6 months emerges (think crawling)
9 months integrates

61
Q

When does ATNR develop and integrate?

A

develops 18 weeks into uteruo (present at birth)

diminishes (integrates) 3-6 months after birth

62
Q

Look over LAB sheet for scoliosis, highlighted portions!

A

Developmental Concepts (5 decks)

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