Adolesc mT Flashcards
(102 cards)
0
Q
What are the two groups of adolescents and their age?
A
Tweens 10-13; Teens 13-18
1
Q
What age is adolescence?
A
10-18
2
Q
What is emerging adulthood?
A
18-25 adult privileges often without adult consequences.
3
Q
Psychopathology in puberty can be influenced by various factors. Name three?
A
Hormonal changes, cultural (eg what is a male and female and self esteem). Finally timing can impact risk for psychopathology.
4
Q
What is puberty? When does it usually start, last and how does it compare to emotional maturity?
A
Years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that en childhood and signals full adult physical development. Starts 8-14, lasts 3-5 years, preceeds emotional maturity. (Eg the puberty fairy)
5
Q
Key trigger pathway for puberty?
A
Hypothalamus signals release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH ) which in turn signals the pituitary gland to release gonadotropins.
6
Q
What two hormones stimulate development of gametes?
A
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH AND luteinizing hormone LH
7
Q
What two axis’s activate to produce increase in sex hormones?
A
HPA (hypothalamus/ pituitary / adrenal) AND HPG ( hypothalamus/ pituitary / gonadal)
8
Q
What stimulates the testes to increase output of testosterone?
A
Pituitary gland
9
Q
What is the first sign of puberty in males?
A
Accelerated growth of the testes, which begins at about 11.5.
10
Q
What accelerates testosterone production and other pubertal changes?
A
Testicular growth.
11
Q
When do the penis experience accelerated growth and underarm appear?
A
Year after testicular growth. Underarm hair appears about 15 y o
12
Q
Where does male facial hair first appear and when does their voice deepen?
A
Upper lip. 14-15
13
Q
What triggers acne and who is more prone?
A
Males . Testosterone.
14
Q
When do males begin having more frequent erections?
A
13 or 14
15
Q
When is sperm found in ejaculatory emissions? What causes tall growth at about 20 for males?
A
Age 15. Testosterone causes epiphyseal closure which prevents bones from growing further.
16
Q
What is gynecomastia and how many boys experience it?
A
Half of all boys. Enlargement of breast which decline in a year or two.
17
Q
What signals ovaries to increase estrogen production?
A
Pituitary gland
18
Q
What stimulates breast tissue and helps to widen the pelvis?
A
Estrogen
19
Q
How long does it take for breast to reach full size?
A
3-5years
20
Q
What produces small amounts of androgens that contribute to development of underarm and pubic hair?
A
Androgens
21
Q
What causes breaks the female growth spurt before males, causes labia, vagina, and uterus to develop during puberty?
A
Estrogen
22
Q
What explains vaginal lining thickness?
A
Amount of estrogen in the blood streeam
23
Q
When usually is first mensturation?
A
11-14. Some early at 9 or late as 16.
24
What contributes to onset of menestrual cycle?
Height to weight ratio, girls height. Genetics, diet.
25
What is the age of menarche trend in Westernized cultures?
Was reducing now stabilizing .
26
What two hormones regulate the cycle?
Estrogen an progesterone.
27
What number of months after menarche does ovulation occur and how long is the average cycle?
12- 18 months after menarche and 28days is the average cycle.
28
What increases sexual desire and disrupt biorythems (eg evening ness and need more sleep as trunk the rEM in stage four).
Changes in hormones.
29
What is the feedback loop in puberty?
Hypothalamus signals the patuitary gland-) releases hormones control physical growth in gonads-) increases production of sex hormones-) the hypothalamus further stimulated.
30
What are primary versus secondary sex characteristics?
Primary reproductive org (ovaries, vagina, penis, testes, prostate glands, seminal vesicles
Secondary : not involved in reproduction. (breast development, male voice deepening underarm hair.
31
Look over growth spurt characteristics
G: spurt 10, gain13 inch in height, hips wider due to 2X body fat, body shape more rounded. B: 12 yo growth spurt, peak 2 yrs later, become taller and heavier, broader shoulders.
32
What is asynchronous growth who is more vulnerable to it?
Children who spurt earlier longer torsos and shorter legs. Different parts of body grow at different rates.
33
What is early puberty and what is late puberty?
Early-8, late -16
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Influences of pubertal timing?
Genetic (aA more early than EU or Hisp) and body composition (heavier have menarche earlier than leaner, nutrition and medicine)
35
What is the secular trend growth?
Children (20th CENT) in western world grew more rapidly and were taller than children in earlier times
36
What role has lepton in pubertal timing? What role has stress in PT?
Apatite stimulation, peaks in puberty. Stress levels speed up pubertal timing ( May target sexual hormones)
37
What is late puberty in boy and girl?
Boys: no testicular development by 14, lack full adult size for penis, 5 years to complete genital development. Girls- no sign of breasts by 14, no period by 16.
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Early puberty in girls results in...
Negative body image and rejection of same ages peers. Lead to more depression and anxiety but research controversial on this topic. Truancy. Hang out with older peers=more risky bh. Depression risk may extend to college years.
39
Early puberty in boys versus late?
Early: Advantage more agile and athletic.
40
Medical consequences of early puberty?
B- increased risk for testicular cancer. Girls- increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Likelihood of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adulthood.
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What is the stage termination hx?
Early puberty disrupts normal development timing of childhood and teens. Child cannot concer psychological challenges associated with puberty. May become overwhelmed by changes and stressors tht accompany puberty (eg early girls and more suceptability to stress)
42
Deviance hx?
Developing early is different or deviant and impacts how a girl companies herself to others. Any deviance from normal timing is stressful (eg greater levels if stress in early and late developers)
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Multiple transition?
Girls have difficult time navigating multiple transitions simultaneously. Therefore they do better when don't have multiple transitions
44
Medical issues associated with growth?
Precocious puberty: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, McCune Albright Syndrome, hypothalamic hamathetoma or tumors releasing hCG.
45
Late puberty medical reasons?
Eating DOS, hormonal conditions, other conditions, genetic conditions
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Is treatment necessary?
Doctors treat if early puberty causes issues in later life.
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Sexual identity?
Acceptance and recognition of sexual orientation
48
Sexual orientation?
Enduring romantic sexual or attraction ranging from heterosexual to homosexual
49
Biopsychosocial influences on heteronormativity?
Homonegativity, culture, micro social context, religion, socialization, biology
50
Cass model of gay and lesbian identity development?
Sequential but can be cycled throughout life. Identity confusion, identity comparison, identity tolerance, identity acceptance, identity pride, and identitysynthesis
51
Shift in past 20 years in the field of sexuality in adolescent development?
Former- adolescent sex leads to psychopathology and risky bx. Current- sexual development is an important component of overall development in adolescents.
52
What are the three areas of research that have developed particularadd in past decade related to sexuality development according to Tolman and McClelland?
Sexual bx, sexual socialization (where individuals learn about sexual experiences) and sexual self hood (identity, subjectivity, sexual self)
53
What is sexual bx?
Not limited to intercourse. Noncoital sex is common.
54
What does the youth risk behavior survallince study tell us about rate of HS sexual intercourse and racial differences?
47.4% HS report having sexual intercourse (decline since rate 54 in 1991). Black (60), Hispanic (49)and white (44).
55
What does the youth risk behavior survallince study tell us about rate of HS sex before 13, having more than four partners in a life time and sexually active?
6.2 sex before 13 (black 14, Latino 7, white 4). 15.3 have more than one partner in life time. 33.7 were sexually active (past three months).
56
What does the youth risk behavior survallince study tell us about rate of HS SUDS use (gender and ethnicity), date violence (gender)?
22% use alcohol or drugs during last sexual encounter, males 26 an females 18, white 28 and black 19. 10% HS experienced dating violence (higher in women).
57
What did American college health association and national college health association tell about prevalence of sex (abstinent, number of partners, oral sex, vaginal and anal)?
Abstinent : overall 31.4. Average sex partner: 2.28 women about one less than men. Oral sex: 71.4 and men about 3% more than women. Vaginal 68, women 1% more. Anal:21, men about 7% more than women.
58
What did American college health association and national college health association and YRBSS tell about prevalence of sex behavior (age, prevelence, sexual partners racial/ethnicity disparities)?
Sexual bh common in adolescents and emerging adults. Rates of initiation and prevelence increase with age. Multiple sex partners is common. Racial/ethnic disparities exist in rates of teen sex.
59
In the area of sexual self good what two areas are examined in regards to sexual identity development?
Sexual orientation (fluid not a static process) and development of sexual satisfaction and motives for sexual bh.
60
How can motives for sex influence behaviors, gender differences and ethic differences?
Lead to problem behaviors. Girls who are impulsive are less driven to sex for intimacy. AA have sex to bluster self esteem. So impulsivity, intimacy/desire, and self esteem bulstering.
61
What is sexual socialization?
Sex ed, teens learn also by peers, social norms, eg hooking up less likely to talk or practice safe sex and for some not just sex (self esteem intimacy. Issues).
62
Among sexually active HS students, how many use a condom, used another contraception or not used any method? What gender reported no conte reception at first intercourse?
60.2 used a condon, 23.3 other birth control and 12.9 not used any method. 21% females reported no contraception at first intercourse to 13 of males.
63
Among sexually active HS students, how many used contraception in last encounter, used the morning after pill or had an unintentional pregnancy?
50 in last encounter. 18% morning after pill at least once in past years. 2% unintentional pregnancy in past year.
64
In the college students ACHA-NCHA percent tht used a condom during oral, vaginal an anal sex?
Oral 5.9, vaginal 52, anal 30.1. Male more than female.
65
What age group most vulnerable to STI?
Teens more than adults. Account for .5 of new STI cases
66
What is te most common STI in teens?
HPV
67
What are the two most common STI found in the ACHA-NCHA college student data?
Chlamydia and HPV
68
What is HPV vaccine and prevelence in lifetime for HPV?
Gardasil. High as 80% for women and 50%men.
69
What is the Gardisal controversy?
Not protect against all strains f HPV. No Lt outlook on negative outcomes but recommended by American Acadamey of pediatrics for children 11-14.
70
What factors influence resistance in Gardisal?
Age of vaccination and individuals resistance of vaccinating in general.
71
Average age for teen pregnancy in the US, trends over time and whether they are planned or unplanned?
25.1 years of age for first pregnancy, up from 1971. Decreasing overall since 1990. Us has highest teen pregnancy, both and abortion in developed world. Teen pregnancies are vastly unplanned
72
Teen pregnancy rate by ethnicity and geographical?
Decreased overall. Black Hispanic and Native American girls 2x more likely than white and Aa girls. Teen birth in rural US .33 higher than rest of cougars regardless of race.
73
Consequences of teen pregnancy?
Low income, drop out of HS, increased SUDS, and annual cost increased on health care
74
Medical issues of teen pregnancy?
Less parental care, preeclampsia, pre term and low birth weight, PPD.
75
Psychological correlates of teen pregnancy?
Girl may feel isolated and slog, possible higher rates of psychopathology (eg suds use and depression).
76
pPD ad teen moms?
Children do poorer in preschool, school performance, reading level, aggressive parenting and delinquency and SUDS use of teen.
77
What is the prevelence of sexual victimization rape before 14 and coerced sex?
One inf four women report surviving rape or attempted rape by 14. One in five HS women report cohersed sex
78
What is the social norms approach?
Used in HS and emerging adult samples. Inflated perceptions about frequency of some problematic behaviors will lead to greater likelihood of engaging and tolerating that practice.
79
What are the two types if social norms campaigns?
Descriptive norms (perceptions if how often BH typically performed) and injunctive norms( perceptions if how BH typically approved or disapproved).
80
What is a judicial or sanction approach to a problem?
Approach works at tertiary level and serves as punishment for individuals caught and convicted in act.
81
Three types if intervention levels?
Primary (everyone) secodary (those at risk) tertiary (victims and perps)
82
Why do adolscents process info different to children and adults?
Social cog differences. Fluid (hard wear ) and crystallized intelligence. Brain development influences neuroplasticity of cognition.
83
What is social cognitive differences?
The way we think about other people social relationships and institutions. Changes in perspective taking, reoccurs of egocentrism, and increased meta cognitive skills and TOM
84
What is a factor of Selmens stages of perspective taking?
There are five stages kids go through but they are not as age defined as othe theories MORE maturity levels.
85
What are stages three to five of Selmans theory?
Three (7-12) self reflective perspective taking. Four (10-15) third party perspective taking and fourth (14- adult) societal perspective taking how views are influenced by societal issues.
86
Explain ego centrism in the context of imaginary audience and personal fable?
Center stage everyone is looking at them. Belief that ones thoughts are more unique and special then others. Adolescents therefore have difficulty sorting out issues that concern others to issues that concern thselves.
87
When does brain development go through overproduction?
Early adolescents (10-12 peaks 1-2 years). Causes gray matter with emphasis on the frontal abd prefrontal region.
88
When does pruning occur and what is kept or not kept?
Adolescents to early part of emerging adulthood. Brain looses 7-10 of gray matter. Connections widely used : strengthened. Those not used pruned.
89
What do white matter do during adolescent and young adult brain development?
White matter pathways existing go through myelin action (speeds processing and limits flexibility on thinking
90
What occurs to the cerebellum during this time and what is its function beyond balance and coordination?
It grows in adolescents and helps with higher functioning and procedural memories.
91
What occurs for ADHD indivjduals neuroma barony during adolesc and early adulthood?0
Frontal cortex overproduced. Before puberty than are pruned. Therefore difficties with tracking multiple thoughts and focusing attention.
92
What three disorders is pruning associated with?
Add, Tourette's and SCZ
93
What group has the highest rate of death an hospital axions due to head injury?
15-24. Perhaps part due to their poor decision makin skills.
94
Name three domains affected by TBI?
Behavior, emotional, executive or cognitive and anosmia ( difficult with discriminating odors).
95
Personality changes in TBI?
Impulsiveness, disinhibition, sexual activity inappropriate, apathy , frustration and loos of temper, poor insight, emotional problems: dep mood swings etc
96
General impact expectation related to sports?
Contact and collision, higher chance of concussion. Limite contact lower chance of concussion.
97
What's the chance of further concussion or TBI after the first ?
High risk
98
What are the clinical issues of concussion?
Major health problem, no acute proven treatment, severity of concussion difficult to identify as occurring, do not know when it is safe to return to competition.
99
Concussion defined?
Not always: unconscious, direct hit to head or amnisia. Must have concussion sXS. May get normal MRI or CT may not have post concussion SCS
100
What is the two stages dog concussion?
Coups initial impact of concussion and the contrecoup the secondary impact.
101
What are the two types of acceleration injuries?
Translational acceleration: total applied force passes the center of gravity of the head. Angular qcceleration: force generates motion around axis (whiplash or left hook in boxing versus walkin on a flag pole or hittin as tearing wheel head on. )
