ADME 1

Question 1

Define ADME.

Answer 1

Factors that determine the systemic levels of a drug over time.

Question 2

Absorption?

Answer 2

Entry of a drug into the body and is related to the route of administration.

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

Refers to the range of tissues that a drug will reach.

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Refers to the metabolic processes of the body that act on and modify the drug structure.

Question 5

Elimination

Answer 5

Route of elimination from the body.

Question 6

What is Pharmacokinetics?

Answer 6

How the drug concentration is affected by the body.

Question 7

What is Pharmacodynamics?

Answer 7

This describes how the drug acts on the body.

Question 8

What drug properties will effect its pharmacokinetics?

Answer 8

Size, hydrophobicity, charge, solubility, ability to bind to lipids and proteins and structural similarities to endogenous compound that might make it more susceptible to enzyme degradation.

Formulation of the drug and the route of delivery as well as the drugs stabilityt to the body ( pH) will also play as a factor.

Question 9

Describe the process of absorption.

Answer 9

This is the process by which the drug moves from the site of admin to body.

Question 10

How do different delivery mechs alter drug absorption properties.

Answer 10

Dependent of the location in which the drug is delivered the drug may need to pass through a single layer of cell or multiple layers.

For example- GI is simple but is slower since the drug must reach the are then cross over to the body supply while inhalation is very quick and is quickly absorbed into the blood.

Question 11

How do hydrophilic drugs move through a membrane?

And what are the types?

Answer 11

These drugs require a transport mech.

These mechs include passive and active diffusion as well as endocytosis.
Similarity to endogenous compounds might enable a drug to move through

Question 12

Identify routes of administration-

Subcutaneous

Intranasal

Sublingual

Buccal

Intra-dermal

Intravenous

Intra-arterial

Answer 12

Under the Skin

In the nasal mucosa

Under the tongue

In the cheek

Injected into the dermis of skin

Into a the vein

Into an artery

Question 13

Identify routes of administration-

Intracardiac

Intramuscular

Intramammary

Intrathecal, epidural, subdural

Ocular

Retro- orbital

Answer 13

Directly in the heart

Into the muscle

Into the mammary gland

Into the brain, the dura or under the dura

Into the eye

Behind the eye

Question 14

Identify routes of administration-

Topical

Inhalation

Rectal

Vaginal

Answer 14

On the skin surface

Aerosolized into the lung

Into the rectum ( suppositories)

Inside the vagina

Question 15

What are the benefits of the ORAL/GI delivery?

Answer 15

Simple administration/ low risk of infection
Formulation can determine rate of delivery-rapid of slow release
Slow onset
Some drug can be degraded by the GI
Exposed to first pass metabolism

Question 16

What are Benefits of Parenteral (subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous)

Answer 16

Fast delivery 
Rate is determined by location 
Can be delivered to specific tissues
Can avoid first pass metabolism 
Higher risk for infection 
Potential adverse reaction due to rapid delivery

Question 17

Identify the benefit of Mucosal delivery

Answer 17

Very fast
Low infection risk
Direct delivery to targets
Avoid first pass metabolism

Question 18

Identify the benefits for transdermal delivery

Answer 18

Ease of application 
Higher compliance rate 
Consistent delivery rate over long periods 
Stable pharmacokinetics 
Works best with hydrophobic drugs
Can be used for hormones and peptides

Question 19

Benefits for topical delivery

Answer 19

Ease of application
Local site delivery
Not useful for drugs that need to enter systemic circulation

Question 20

Benefits for inhalation delivery

Answer 20

Very fast acting
Direct access to systemic circulation
Direct access to site
Drug must be aerosolized

Question 21

Drugs that are similar to Endogenous compounds move through by?

Answer 21

Use of a cellular carrier protein such as a transporter.

Question 22

Binding to a surface receptor might facilitate what?

Answer 22

Endocytosis of the drug

Question 23

Mechanisms that transfer across a cell membrane include?

Answer 23

Passive transport(diffusion), Facilitated diffusion via a concentration gradient, facilitated diffusion, active transport,pinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis.

Question 24

A highly hydrophobic mole could be transported by?

Answer 24

Simple Diffusion

Question 25

Molecules binding to surface receptors could be transported by?

Answer 25

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 26

Molecules that bind to endogenous transporters could be transported by

Answer 26

Membrane transporters.