ADL onwards Flashcards
What are activities of daily living?
Everyday tasks and functional activities that are an essential part of life
What is impairment?
A physical loss or functional deficit
What is disability?
A restriction or inability to do something considered normal as a result of an impairment
What is a handicap?
Disadvantage from impairment that limits the fulfilment of a role that is normal for the individual
What are the major roles of physiotherapists?
Impairment assessment
Management of condition
What are the major roles of occupational therapists?
Functional assessment
Occupational assessment
Name some measures that assess ADLs?
Measures of disability- Barthel index, SF36
Observation
History taking
Clinical examination
What is the biopsychosocial model?
individuals must be an active participant in their own rehab and recovery
Management must relieve pain and prevent disability
What is the medical model of disability?
Emphasis on what is wrong with the person
Exclusion from society
Views disability as a tragedy
Puts disability between the patient and doctor
Historical factors which led to the development of the medical model are?
Industrial revolution
Advances in technology
Social darwinism
Name the criticisms of the medical model of disability?
Looks at disability as a tragedy
Doesn’t look at the person as normal in society
Sees disability as a medical problem that doctors need to fix
Outline the social model of disability?
Discrimination arises because of the organisation of society
Society fails to make activities accessible
Criticisms of the social model of disability?
Looks at disability as though impairment can never cause an individual problem, but society can
Doesn’t fully appreciate the complexity of different disabled peoples lives
What is the interaction model of disability?
Looks at interactions between people’s impairments and the environments they live in
Sees disabled persons as individuals
It is person centred
What act gives rights to disabled people?
Disability discrimination act 1995
What does equality act 2010 define disability as?
A physical or mental impairment that has substantial and long term negative effects on your ability to do normal activities
What are the measures for assessment of disability?
Barthel Index
SF36
Functional assessment measure
What is an informal carer?
A person, who, without payment, provides help and support to a partner, child, relative, friend or neighbour who could not manage without their help
What is care poverty?
Where you can’t work because you are caring of someone
What are the effects of caring on health?
High levels of physical/ mental problems
Carers often don’t have enough time to look after their own health
What is some legislation that supports carers?
Employment act
Carers and disabled children act
Carers act
Equality act
What are the rights of carers?
Assessment of needs in their own right
Carers special grant
Made aware of their entitlement in assessment
Assessments must consider carers’ wishes about employment, training etc.
What is carers special grant?
Funding for respite and short breaks for carers
What financial support is there for carers?
Carers allowance- for people who regularly care for at least 35 hours a week for someone with a severe disability who receives a qualifying disability benefit.
Disability living allowance
Attendance allowance
What are some unmet needs of carers?
Information and advice
Practical and emotional support
Training in caring activities
Respite and short breaks
What are the needs of specific groups of carers?
Parents of disabled children- access to mainstream services
Rural carers- information and advice, transport
Black and ethnic minority carers- language issues, cultural sensitive services
Young carers- information and advice, emotional and practical support
What employment policies are there for carers?
Time off for dependents
Flexible working regulations
Work and families act 2006
What is distributive justice?
How we distribute resources that are finite in a fair way
What is equality?
Being the same in quantity, amount and value
What is equity?
Fairness or impartiality
What is need-based assessment for healthcare?
Health care distributed to those who need it most
What is the difference principle?
Only permits inequalities that work to the advantage of the worse off
How can you decide ways to distribute healthcare?
QALY calculation Waiting List Likelihood of complying with treatment Lifestyle choices of patient Ability to pay
What is the libertarian argument?
Some people are poor because they don’t work hard enough, or cause their own needs e.g. smoking
What is a lifestyle based assessment?
Allocating resources should take into account lifestyle choices patients make
Arguments for lifestyle based assessment?
People who contribute to ill health are less deserving of resources for treatment than those who don’t
Deterrence- it is more likely to deter people from damaging their health
You are also more likely to get more benefits from treatment than people who don’t look after their health
Arguments against lifestyle based assessment?
Unfair to punish people
Not everyone purposely engages in high risk behaviour and is not responsible for their actions
Deemed unacceptable by the GMC to use lifestyle based approach
What rights does a person have in relation to resource distribution?
Legal rights
Natural moral rights
Human rights
What are status theories?
Humans have certain qualities that make it fitting to assign rights to them
What are instrumental theories?
The purpose of rights is to promote a certain state of affairs which is seen as good
If we have a system that recognises rights, it will lead to a much happier society
What are active rights?
Allow people to act or not act as they choose
What are positive rights?
Confer some sort of duty to someone
What are negative rights?
Others have to refrain from doing something
Why are rights important?
You know where you stand in society as a citizen and you can feel secure
Protective boundaries- limits actions of others
Sets minimal standards
What are the 2 main aims of the human rights act?
To make it possible for people to directly raise or claim their human rights within complaints and legal systems in the UK
To bring a new culture of respect for human rights within British law
What acts from the human rights act are relevant in healthcare?
Right to life
Prohibition of torture
Right to liberty and security
Right to respect for private and family life
Prohibition of discrimination
Freedom of thought, conscience and religion
Right to marry and found a family
What is risk?
Probability that an event will occur during a specific time
What is Beck’s risk society?
The manner in which modern society organises in response to risk
Risk now viewed as a product of human action
What is the precautionary principle?
Action shouldn’t be taken if the consequences are uncertain and potentially dangerous
What is medicalisation?
Non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems
e.g. aging, childbirth, menopause
What is pharmaceutilisation?
Transformation of human condition into opportunities for pharmaceutical intervention
