Adjudication without trial Flashcards
what is difference between a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction?
preliminary injunction – an order that maintains the status quo until trial
-
TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER
WHEN YOU SEEK: you may seek this BEFORE getting the Prelim Inj…. you seek this to maintain the status quo until you get a hearing for a preliminary injunction
if party has no notice of TRO, can they violate it?
generally, no
explain how TRO works
- how issued
- when issued ex parte
- what happens after issued
- appeal?
- contents of TRO
- duration of TRO
- challenging it
HOW ISSUED: TROs may be issued “ex parte” (but do not have to be) which means court issues it without giving notice to the other party.
WHEN ISSUED EX PARTE:
The court will issue a TRO ex parte only if:
(A) The applicant files a paper under oath clearly showing that if the TRO is not issued, she will “suffer immediate and irreparable harm” if she must wait until the other side is heard.
AND
(B) The applicant’s lawyer certifies in writing her efforts to give oral or written notice to the defendant or the defendant’s lawyer (or why such notice should not be required in this case).
IF COURT ISSUES TRO: The applicant must post a bond to cover the other side’s costs and damages caused if it turns out the TRO is wrongful and the order must be served on the D asap.
NO IMMEDIATE APPEAL: A ruling granting or denying a TRO ordinarily may not immediately be appealed.
CONTENTS:
– state its terms specifically
– describe in detail what the defendant must do (or refrain from doing)
– state why it was issued
– state why the threatened injury to the plaintiff was irreparable.
DURATION:
— A TRO is effective for no more that 14 days (or lesser time stated by the court)
– applicant may seek extension for another 14 days by showing good cause before expiration of the first one
— LIMIT = 28 days
CHALLENGING IT:
– restrained party may move to dissolve or modify it before the 14 days are up
if TRO is extended beyond 28 days, what is it?
treated like a preliminary injunction
how to get a preliminary injunction
The burden is on the applicant to show:
- She is likely to suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is not issued;
- She is likely to win on the merits of the underlying case;
- The balance of hardship favors her (threatened harm to applicant outweighs harm to other party if the injunction is issued);
and
- The injunction is in the public interest.
can a preliminary injunction be issued ex parte?
no
is there a right to a preliminary injunction?
There is no right to an injunction. The matter is in the court’s discre- tion.
procedural requirements for preliminary injunctions
(1) applicant must post bond if it is granted
(2) contents – preliminary injunction must:
– state its terms with specificity
– describe in detail what D must do or refrain from doing
– state why it was issued
procedural requirements for preliminary injunctions
(1) applicant must post bond if it is granted
(2) contents – preliminary injunction must:
– state its terms with specificity
– describe in detail what D must do or refrain from doing
– state why it was issued
in granting or denying the preliminary injunction, court will do what?
In granting or denying the preliminary injunction, the court must make specific findings of fact and separate conclusions of law.
can a preliminary injunction be appealed?
An order granting or denying a preliminary injunction may be appealed as of right.
when may a plaintiff voluntarily dismiss the case when may she not?
how many dismissals does P get?
NO COURT ORDER REQUIRED:
— P may withdraw her case without a court order before the D serves an answer or motion for summary judgment
– parties may stipulate to voluntary dismissal without court order [if case is settled - stipulation dismissal filed]
COURT ORDER REQUIRED:
– after D serves an answer or motion for summary judgment, court permission is required to withdraw the case, unless there is a stipulation between the parties = P must make a motion for voluntary dismissal, which court has discretion to grant
LIMITS ON DISMISSALS:
P gets one voluntary dismissal without prejudice [so P can refile”]. thereafter, P can only dismiss case with prejudice, which takes away P’s ability to refile
if there is a counterclaim pending in the action, there can be no dismissal over the defendant’s objection unless the counterclaim remains pending
how to get a default?
what is an entry of default and its effect?
what is entry of default:
A default is a notation by the court clerk on the docket sheet in the case.
how to get it:
a P must demonstrate that the D failed to respond in time … note that D can respond by motion or answer beyond the 21 days until default is entered
effect:
– cuts off the defendant’s right to respond.
– does not automatically entitle the plaintiff to relief. The plaintiff must seek a default judgment.
default vs. default judgement
default is just a notation by the clerk that the D did not respond in time
default judgement is what entitles P to relief as a result of D not responding in time
how to get a default judgment
The clerk of the court can enter a default judgment if:
(a) The defendant has made no response at all (that is, she has not “appeared”);
(b) the claim itself is for a sum certain in money
(c) the P gives an affidavit of the sum owed
and
(d) the D is not a minor or incompetent
OR
———–
If any of the above (a)-(d) are not true, P must apply to the court for default judgment