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BPK 375 > Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate white and brown adipocytes based on shape, cytoplasm, # of lipid droplets, nuclei, size and function

A
  • white: Scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single lipid droplet, nuclei are flat and eccentric, cells are large; role = glucose, fatty acid, lipoprotein & cholesterol metabolism
  • Brown: Polygonal, lots of cytoplasm, contain multiple lipid droplets, round central nuclei, small, thermogenesis
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2
Q

In whom is brown adipose tissue most prominent

A
  • in newborns, hibernating animals
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3
Q

What about BAT makes it thermogenic?

A
  • Uncoupling protein-1 found within the mitochondria
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4
Q

When does UCP-1 appear

A
  • third trimester
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5
Q

How many weeks into gestation do white adipose fat lobules appear

A
  • 14th-16th week
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6
Q

What is the location gradient for the development of fat lobules

A
  • head, trunk, limbs
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7
Q

What embryonic tissue are adipocytes dervived from; what other cell types are derived from this tissue

A
  • mesenchyme

- chondrocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes

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8
Q

Describe the 5 stages of adipose tissue development with reference to the buccal fat pad specifically

A

1) Week 14 loose connective tissue composed of stellate cells and ground substance fill the cheeks
2) Week 14.5 - angiogenesis; blood vessels grow and signal areas where early fat cells organize into groups (aggregation of dense mass of mesenchymal cells)
3) Week 19 mesenchymal lobules develop and contain preadipocytes w/o lipid droplets
4) Week 22 primitive fat lobules appear; the vascular stalk of each lobule branch from one main vessel to enclose densely packed fat cells
5) 28 weeks fat lobules are well separated by interlobular septa

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9
Q

How do adipocyte diameter, weight & # vary between boys and girls?

A

They are the same until puberty and then girls have an increase in all measures due to increased estrogen

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10
Q

When can overfeeding result in an increased # of fat cells

A
  • 1st year of life
  • early childhood growth spurt
  • prepubescent fattening
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11
Q

How does the ratio of limb to trunk skinfolds vary between males and females post puberty

A
  • girls have a higher ration; ex. more fat stored in limbs than trunk
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12
Q

Where do females develop secondary sexual adipose tissue

A
  • upper arms, shoulders, hips, thighs, medial calf
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13
Q

Why do skinfold measures decrease after puberty but adipose levels increase in females?

A
  • Because an increase in muscle mass spreads the adipose tissue thin
  • this pattern is similar in male trunk patterning but not limb due to large increase in muscle
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14
Q

Describe the steps of adipocyte metabolism

A
  • Lipoprotein lipase acts on chylomicrons and VLD lipoproteins to form FFA which then pass into the cell or are converted into glycerol or bind to albumin in the blood
  • once in the cell FFA are stored in the fat droplet as trigylcerides
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15
Q

What is the role of lipoprotein lipase; what controls its activity

A
  • Regulation of fat cell triglyceride deposition around the body
  • activity is promoted by insulin and cortisol, but inhibited by estrogen and growth hormone
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16
Q

Premenopausal women have _____ LPL activity in the ____ region than post menopausal women resulting in the ____ fat pattern

A
  • greater
  • gluteofemoral
  • gynoid
17
Q

Where is leptin secreted from

A
  • adipose tissue
  • stomach
  • placenta
  • muscle
18
Q

Besides a potential role in satiety, what does leptin do

A
  • interact with insulin
  • involved in stress response
  • reproductive function
  • interacts with growth factor
19
Q

How does leptin affect insulin; how does insulin affect leptin

A
  • leptin inhibits insulin secretion directly

- insulin indirectly increases leptin by promoting fat deposition

20
Q

what hormones does leptin stimulate the release of

A
  • hypothalamic gonadotrophic releasing hormone and pituitary gonadotrophins
21
Q

Is plasma leptin higher in men or women, how does this relate to % body fat?

A
  • Higher in women

- Regardless of % fat, ie does not relate to body fat levels

22
Q

How does leptin relate to estrogen and testosterone in females and males respectively

A
  • positively associated to estrogen
  • negatively associated to testosterone ( T inhibits or has no effect)
  • after accounting for fat mass
23
Q

how do leptin levels change from pre to post menopause

A
  • it does not change
24
Q

How do leptin levels change in puberty in boys vs girls

A
  • Girls: Increases during puberty; at the end of puberty leptin is negatively associated with FSH and LH
  • Boys: Increases prepuberty, but decreases at puberty
25
Q

Describe the density of estrogen, androgen and progesterone receptors in males and females

A
  • androgen: More dense in the visceral than subcutaneous adipose in both sexes
  • Estrogen: lower binding capacity in males
  • Progesterone: Higher density in subcutaneous than visceral
26
Q

What determines fat patterning and breast development

A
  • androgen/estrogen balance
27
Q

What 2 types of tissue compose the breasts

A
  • white adipose tissue and fibroglandular tissue
28
Q

when/where do we see the primary mammary bud

A
  • when week 5 of gestation

- where between 4th and 5th rib

29
Q

what are the 2 primary cell types that compose the mammary gland, when do they develop

A
  • basal myoepithelial cells and inner luminal cells

- week 28

30
Q

when does the majority of breast development occur

A
  • during puberty, pregnancy and lactation
31
Q

what is thelarchy and when does it occur and what is it dependent on

A
  • the onset of secondary breast development
  • begins between ages 9 and 11
  • dependent on estrogen, progesterone and IGF-1
32
Q

what is the functional milk-producing unit of breast; what are they made up of

A
  • lobules

- consist of terminal ducts and tubular alveoli which are lined by luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells

33
Q

what do alveolar buds turn into after menarche

A

secretory alveoli

34
Q

What happens to the breasts during pregnancy

A
  • increase I the number of epithelial cells and alveoli within the lobule to prepare for lactation
35
Q

what makes up the mammary stroma

A
  • fibroblasts, blood vessels, adipocytes, inflammatory cells and ECM
  • 80% of breast vol increase is due to increase stroma
36
Q

what receptor does luminal cells contain; when does maximum proliferation of these cells occur

A
  • receptors for estrogen and progesterone

- max proliferation occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

BPK 375 (6 decks)

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