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Obesity > Adipocytes > Flashcards

Adipocytes Flashcards

1
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Fat

More than just an energy store, also an endocrine organ

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2
Q

Adipose tissue mass =?

A

Adipocytes (number and volume)

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3
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

weight kg/ height m^2

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4
Q

What is a healthy BMI?

A

18.5 to 24.9

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5
Q

What are the different fat depots?

A

Subcutaneous depot

Visceral depot

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6
Q

What are visceral fat pads?

A 
Epicardial
Mesenteric
Omental
Retroperitoneal
Gonadal
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7
Q

What are subcutaneous fat pads?

A

Abdominal
Gluteal
Femoral

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8
Q

Body fat distribution is an independent determinant of?

A

Health

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9
Q

Describe white adipose tissue morphology

A

Uniocular adipocytes
Preadipocytes
Stromal cells
Blood vessels

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10
Q

How is adipose tissue mass regulated?

A 
Pluripotent stem cell
Preadipocyte
Many preadipocytes
Differentiation
Adipocytes
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11
Q

How does adipose tissue differentiate?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

Mesenchymal precursors

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12
Q

What mesenchymal precursors form which adipose tissue?

A

MYF5- produced white adipose tissue

MYF+ produce both, but predominantly brown

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13
Q

What can muscle satellite cells form?

A

Brown adipose tissue

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14
Q

What can endothelial precursors form?

A

Both adipose tissue types

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15
Q

What are the three types of adipose tissue?

A

Brown
Beige
White

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16
Q

What are transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis?

A

Different transcriptional factors
Tightly controlled
Time dependent expression
Transcription factors interact with each other, co-activators and miRNA

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17
Q

Name some typical white adipose tissue genes?

A 
Fatty acid synthase
Fatty acid binding protein
Hormone sensitive lipase
Glut4
Acetyl coA carboxylase
Adipokines: adiponectin, leptin
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18
Q

Models for adipose tissue

A

3T3 L1 rodent fibroblasts
SGBS human cells
Human primary pre-adipocytes

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19
Q

What are the functions for white adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage
Physical protection
Cold protection
Endocrine organ

20
Q

How is energy best stored in the body?

A

Short term - glycogen

Long term - triglycerides

21
Q

How is dietary lipid uptake facilitated?

A

A challenge because they’re hydrophobic
Absorbed into the lymphatics
By lipoproteins

22
Q

How are lipids digested?

A

Triglycerides gut lumen are broken down to glycerol and fatty acids by pancreatic lipase
Fatty acids mix with bile acids and salts. Form water soluble micelle

23
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A

Absorbed by enterocytes
Dissociate from bile acids and salts
Return to triglyceride
Packaged into a chylomicron and enters the lymphatics

24
Q

What are the major lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

25
Q

What is the role of chylomicrons?

A

Transport of triglycerides into the body

Made of triglycerides

26
Q

What is the role of VLDL?

A

Transport of triglycerides from the liver to the tissues

Made of cholesterol and triglycerides

27
Q

What is the role of LDL and HDL?

A

Mechanisms of moving cholesterol

Made of cholesterol and little triglyceride

28
Q

How are fatty acids deposited in tissues?

A

Chylomicrons in the blood stream
Some triglyceride used immediately for energy
The rest is deposited in adipose tissue

29
Q

How is fatty acid transported into adipose tissue?

A

Chylomicrons in adipose tissue capillaries
Come in contact with lipoprotein lipase
LPL hydrolyses the triglycerideand frees the fatty acid in the lumen
Taken up into adipocytes by transporters

30
Q

What is the effect of insulin on adipose tissue?

A

Insulin release increases lipoprotein lipase expression and translocation
Takes 2-3 hours

31
Q

What happens to the remnant of the chylomicron?

A

Returns to the liver
Any triglyceride is packaged into VLDL
None wasted

32
Q

Describe the process of de novo lipogenesis

A

The synthesis of lipids from glucose

Glucose + acetyl coA to malonyl coA to free fatty acids + glycerol to triglyceride

33
Q

What enzymes are involved in de novo lipogenesis?

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase
Fatty acid synthase
Esterification

34
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Release of fatty acids stored in lipid droplets
Driven by catecholamines or absence of insulin
Catalysed by lipases

35
Q

How is the lipid droplet maintained?

A

Perilipin in the phospholipid layer protects from lipases

When phosphorylated, folds back, unprotected

36
Q

What lipases are involved in lipolysis?

A

Adipose triglyceride lipase
Hormone sensitive lipase
Monogylglycerol lipase

37
Q

Triglyceride to diaglyceride to monoglyceride to glycerol requires which enzymes?

A

ATGL
HSL
MGL

38
Q

What is NEFA?

A

Non-esterified fatty acid
Enters the blood stream and binds to albumin
Goes to tissues that need energy
Glucose also enters blood

39
Q

How is lipolysis regulated?

A 
Hormone sensitive lipase controlled by hormones
Promoted by adrenaline and noradrenaline
Inhibited by insulin
Always a basal level by ATGL
Catecholamines increase rate
40
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete?

A 
Resistin
TNFalpha
IL-6
RBP4
Leptin
Adiponectin
Visfatin
Omentin
41
Q

What is leptin?

A

Appetite regulator

When leptin levels decrease, the brain increases food intake

42
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

Widespread effects on liver, skeletal muscle, heart and vasculature, monocytes and macrophages
Improves metabolism when secreted

43
Q

What is brown adipose tissue?

A

High thermogenic capacity
Main function is heat production
Multiple small lipid droplets
Stain brown because many mitochondria

44
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Driven by catecholamines
Beta3-AR is activated by (nor)adrenaline
Signals via adenylyl cyclase, oAMP and PKA
Triggers lipolysis
Majority of fatty acids travel to the mitochondria

45
Q

What is UCP1?

A

Uncoupling protein
Transports H+ from the inter membrane space into the matrix
Produces heat

46
Q

What is the role of brown adipose tissue in infants?

A 
Maintaining constant body temperature
Mass declines with age
Is present in adults
Activated by the cold
Beta adrenergic stimulation increases temperatures
Could be an obesity treatment

Obesity (3 decks)

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