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Chemistry chapter 10-13 > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

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1
Q

Dr. Heinrich Hoffman

A
  • First described ADHD in 1845
  • Was a physician who wrote books about medicine and psychiatry, but was also a poet that became interested in writing books for children when he couldn’t find anything suitable to read to his three year old son.
  • He wrote a book full of poems called “The Story of Fidgety Philip” which was about a little boy who had ADHD.
  • The book had accurate descriptions
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2
Q

George Still

A
  • 1902 London physician that identified ADHD.
  • He described the group as having an average intelligence level but exhibiting impulsivity, behavioral problems, inattention, and hyperactivity that was resulted from a genetic dysfunction.
  • He characterized this group as having a “defective moral conduct”
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3
Q

What did the 1930’s mark?

A

Marked the beginning of childhood psycho-pharmacology when researchers found that certain medications had a calming effect on these individuals

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4
Q

Werner and Strauss

A
  • Came up with a term in the 1940’s called ‘Strauss Syndrome’ which referred to children who had high levels of distractibility and hyperactivity
  • They found that hyperactivity and impulsivity affected cognitive development, however, they had only completed investigations on children that had a brain injury
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5
Q

Cruickshank and colleagues

A

In the 1950’s they replicated and extended findings from Werner and Strauss and found a link between attention and learning problems

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6
Q

Minimal brain injury term

A
  • In the 1950’s and 1960’s this term was used to label those who were considered distractible and impulsive and that it was not related to neurological disorders.
  • However, this term was not used for long because there was no evidence that any brain tissue was actually damaged
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7
Q

1960’s

A

Gave way to the golden age of hyperactivity and a new label, “hyperactive child syndrome”

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8
Q

1980’s

A

When the term ADHD was coined and focused on the inattention component

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9
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorder

A

Persistent or on-going pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that gets in the way of daily life or typical development

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10
Q

Children with ADHD have difficulties with

A
  • Maintaining attention
  • Executive function
  • Working memory
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11
Q

What we know about ADHD now

A

-It is considered to be a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults.
Described as “persistent” or on-going pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that gets in the way of daily life or typical development

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12
Q

Individuals with ADHD may also have difficulties with

A

Maintaining attention, executive function (or the brain’s ability to begin an activity, organize itself and manage tasks) and working memory

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13
Q

ADHD is one of the most common

A

Behavioral conditions seen as pediatricians

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14
Q

How many school aged students have ADHD

A

3-5%

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15
Q

How many children have ADHD in numbers

A

Around 2 million

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16
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has three presentations

A
  • Hyperactive-impulsive
  • Inattentive
  • Combined inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive
17
Q

ADHD is based on

A
  • Observations of behaviors that children would exhibit in excess which is key.
  • When compared to other same-aged children, they would not exhibit these behaviors to the same degree
18
Q

Inattentive characteristics

A
  • Careless mistakes
  • Inability to focus.
  • Inability to listen when spoken to directly.
  • Inability to complete tasks.
  • Poor organization.
  • Avoids time-consuming tasks.
  • Loses things.
  • Easily distracted.
  • Forgetful
19
Q

Children with ADHD-inattentive

A
  • These children usually don’t cause disruptive behaviors and don’t cause problems for teachers.
  • They have a poor eye for detail, very disorganized, has a difficulty with maintaining attention, gets distracted very easily, and can be impulsive
20
Q

Hyperactive characteristics

A
  • Fidgets or squirms in their seat
  • Gets up frequently.
  • Runs or climbs when inappropriate.
  • Difficulty working quietly.
  • Often on the go, or “driven by a motor.”
  • Talks excessively
21
Q

Impulsivity characteristics

A
  • Blurts out answers before questions are asked.
  • Trouble taking turns.
  • Interrupts, or intrudes on others
22
Q

Neurological Dysfunction

A
  • Anatomical differences in brain structure.
  • Imbalances in brain chemistry.
  • Executive functions
23
Q

ADHD is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder

A
  • Has a neurological basis and effects development in many ways.
  • There are anatomical differences and how they operate differently in someone who has ADHD
24
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • The chemicals that transport information between neurons.
  • The brain has hundreds of different neurotransmitters and they are responsible for everything from sleep, heart rate, to fear and anxiety, to mood and temperature.
  • Some of the neurotransmitters are often related to ADHD and dopamine and norepinephrine because they are responsible for attention and activity
25
Q

Other causes of ADHD

A
  • Heredity factors (genetics)
  • Environmental factors such as:
  • Smoking and alcohol abuse.
  • Lead poisoning.
  • Low birth weight and prematurity.
26
Q

1 in

A

3 people have relatives who also have been diagnosed with ADHD

27
Q

Who can diagnose ADHD

A
  • Physician such as pediatrician and or psychiatrists.

- AAP guidelines and DSM-V

28
Q

Because everyone shows signs of these behaviors at one time or another, the guidelines for determining whether a person has ADHD are specific

A
  • Children: The symptoms must be more frequent or severe than in children of the same age.
  • Adults: The symptoms must be present since childhood and affect one’s ability to function in daily life
29
Q

For a diagnosis of ADHD in children it is important to

A

-Obtain information about the child’s symptoms and behaviors in more than one environment–especially from the schools; and the search for coexisting conditions

30
Q

ADHD may be suspected when

A

Child’s hyperactivity, distractibility, poor concentration, or impulsivity begin to affect performance in school, social relationships with other children, or behaviors at home

31
Q

Physician’s Diagnostic Process

A
  • Collect information from different people and cross environments.
  • Review of medical history.
  • Physical exam.
  • Interview
  • Behavioral rating scales such as the ADHD Rating Scale IV or Conners’ Teaching Rating Scale-Review
32
Q

Connors’ Rating Scale

A
  • A screening tool that is often used to help identify students who may have ADHD.
  • There are other types of assessments as well that the physician and or school may have tried before

Chemistry chapter 10-13 (2 decks)

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