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PSYC 345A Final > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

What does ADHD stand for? What is it?

A
  • attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

- developmental neuropsychiatric disorder

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2
Q

What are the two “symptoms” of ADHD?

A
  • impairment of growth/development (childhood onset and temporal contiguity)
  • neurological abnormality resulting in impaired ability to function (anatomically based)
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3
Q

What are the three subtypes of ADHD?

A
  • ADHD predominantly inattentive
  • ADHD predominately hyperactive/impulsive
  • ADHD combined
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4
Q

What characterizes ADHD predominately inattentive?

A
  • distracted, disorganized, forgetful, poor concentration, daydreaming
  • vigilant concentration
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5
Q

What characterizes ADHD predominantly hyperactive/impulsive?

A
  • fidgety, restlessness, hyperactivity, difficulty waiting and remaining seated, immature behaviours
  • motor and behaviour inhibition: cognitive alertness
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6
Q

What does hyperactivity mean?

A
  • refers to brain function not behavioural description
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7
Q

What is vigilant concentration?

A
  • staying on task

- monitoring rules, updating the system, response execution

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8
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in vigilant concentration?

A
  • reticular activating system: locus coeruleus and basal forebrain
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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in vigilant concentration?

A
  • norepinephrine
  • continuous excessive mental work-loads
  • less nt = less perseverance
  • lack of “reward dependence”
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10
Q

What is cognitive alertness?

A
  • orienting (noticing)
  • detection: monitoring, reaction
  • sensory awareness (inability to ignore stimuli)
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11
Q

What brain areas are involved in cognitive alertness?

A
  • mesolimbic/mesocortical pathway
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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in cognitive alertness?

A
  • dopamine

- gives motivational significance to stimuli associated with reward

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13
Q

What is hyperfocus?

A
  • intensive concentration on interesting and non-routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment
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14
Q

Where is hyperfocus seen and what neurotransmitter is involved?

A
  • facet of adult ADHD

- depleted serotonin

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15
Q

What is methylphenidate?

A
  • ritalin
  • phenethylamine
  • reuptake inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine
  • more potent than cocaine so more dopamine available
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16
Q

Why does methylphenidate have less abuse potential despite being more potent than cocaine?

A
  • enters the brain more slowly

- no euphoria

17
Q

What were the methods for the study by Liddle et al. (2001) looking at methylphenidate and ADHD?

A
  • Go-Nogo task (75%/25%)
  • continuous response task intermittent inhibition
  • dynamic adjusting accuracy and rt (mistakes slow down presentation, answers speed up)
18
Q

What were the results of the study conducted by Liddel et al. (2001) on methylphenidate and ADHD?

A
  • no difference in reaction time between groups
  • no difference in accuracy between ADHD+M group and TD group
  • ADHD - M had more false alarms and misses (delayed processing mechanism)
19
Q

What are (dextro)amphetamines?

A
  • dex: right turning
  • dexedrine and adderall
  • dexedrine financed by US air force for sustained flight
20
Q

What was given to pilots for sustained flight?

A
  • “go pills”

- “no go pills”: to ensure rest (benzo, nonbenzo)

21
Q

What effects result from dextroamphetamines being right-rotating?

A
  • psychostimulnt without vasoconstriction in body

- (body predominantly let-rotating)

22
Q

What causes a decline in popularity of dextroamphetamines?

A
  • psyhoactive

- caused incidents

23
Q

Why was adderall able to be patented?

A
  • because of the blend of salts (75% dex, 25% levo)

- shire pharmaceutical

24
Q

On a cellular level, how do dextroamphetamines work?

A
  • agonists
  • dopamine transporter reversed (dumps out dopamine)
  • leaky vesicles
  • norepinephrine and dopamine
25
Q

Why might the levos be related to serotonin?

A
  • known to induce euphoria
26
Q

What are “drug holidays”?

A
  • when parents take kids off medication during school holidays
  • results in lethargy, lack of motivation, depression
  • rebound: return to symptoms
27
Q

What is the term “gateway drug” wrong?

A
  • non-treated ADHD results in higher drug abuse rates

- decrease of impulsivity = heightened inhibition

28
Q

Is it true that these drugs can be used as “study aids”?

A
  • modest effects on working and episodic memory
  • no effects on cognition or long-term memory
  • reduce attrition (less likely to give up)
29
Q

What are the effects of cocaine compared to ritalin?

A
  • shorter time to produce euphoria
30
Q

What are the effects of cocaine compared to bath salts?

A
  • less aversive effects when “high”
  • less dangerous, no physical withdrawal
  • cocaine preferred for recreational use
31
Q

How does one respond to reinforcement when trying to stop desire for cocaine?

A
  • not responsive to just punishment or positive reinforcement
  • needs a combination of both

PSYC 345A Final (7 decks)

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