ADHD

Question 1

What is ADHD and what are its basic characteristics?

Answer 1

ADHD is a familial neurodevelopmental condition that causes clinical and psychosocial impairments, often persisting across the lifespan

Question 2

What are the three core symptoms of ADHD?

Answer 2

1. Inattention: Short attention span, easily distracted, forgetful, disorganized
2. Hyperactivity: Unable to sit still, excessive talking, fidgets
3. Impulsivity: Interrupts conversations, blurts answers, struggles with turn-taking⁠

Question 3

What are the key requirements for ADHD diagnosis?

Answer 3

Symptoms must:
Be present before age 12
Occur in two or more settings
Significantly impair functioning

Question 4

What are the key statistics about ADHD prevalence?

Answer 4

Affects ~5% of children and adolescents worldwide
1% have severe form (Hyperkinetic Disorder)
30-60% of cases persist into adulthood
Boys are diagnosed 3x more often than girls

Question 5

What is known about the genetic basis of ADHD?

Answer 5

Heritability estimated at ~76% from twin studies
Associated with dopamine and serotonin system genes (DRD4, DAT1, SNAP-25, HTR1B)
Large copy number variations (CNVs) are linked to ADHD

Question 6

What are the main treatment options for ADHD?

Answer 6

1. Medications:
   Stimulants (Methylphenidate, Lisdexamfetamine)
   Non-stimulants (Atomoxetine, Guanfacine)
   Non-pharmacological:
   Psychoeducation
   Behavioural therapy
   Parent training
   Classroom modifications

Question 7

What conditions commonly co-occur with ADHD?

Answer 7

Autism Spectrum Condition (28-50% overlap)
Learning disabilities
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Mood disorders⁠