ADHD Flashcards
Define ADHD
Neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
Describe inattention and disorganization in ADHD
Inattention and disorganization entail inability to stay on task, seeming not to listen, and losing materials, at levels that are inconsistent with age or developmental level.
Describe hyperactivity-impulsivity in ADHD
Hyperactivity-impulsivity entails overactivity, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, intruding into other people’s activities, and inability to wait—symptoms that are excessive for age or developmental level.
When does ADHD occur? Describe the current trend of diagnosis?
ADHD can persist into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic and occupational functioning.
Individuals being diagnosed in later adulthood; wasn’t diagnosed back then
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL: Develops during development
Front cortex: growth delay in children in same individuals of same development
What are the major classification of symptoms of ADHD?
Inattention, disorganization and hyperactivity/impulsivity
Describe the diagnostic features of ADHD
No biological marker or imaging study is diagnostic for ADHD.
A clinical diagnosis.
How does inattention manifest in ADHD?
Inattentionmanifests behaviorally in ADHD as wandering off task, lacking persistence, having difficulty sustaining focus, and being disorganized and is not due to defiance or lack of comprehension.
How does hyperactivity manifest in ADHD in children and in adults?
Hyperactivityrefers to excessive motor activity (such as a child running about) when it is not appropriate, or excessive fidgeting, tapping, or talkativeness.
In adults, hyperactivity may manifest as extreme restlessness or wearing others out with their activity.
How does impulsivity manifest in ADHD?
Impulsivityrefers to hasty actions that occur in the moment without forethought and that have high potential for harm to the individual (e.g., darting into the street without looking).
Impulsivity may reflect a desire for immediate rewards or an inability to delay gratification.
Impulsive behaviors may manifest as social intrusiveness (e.g., interrupting others excessively) and/or as making important decisions without consideration of long-term consequences (e.g., taking a job without adequate information).
When do symptoms need to be present for a diagnosis of ADHD?
Sx must occur before the age of 12
What is an essential feature of ADHD?
Essential feature ofADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
Describe the DSM-5 criteria of ADHD
A. A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development, as charcterized by 1 and/or 2
- Inattention: Six or more sx that have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities
- Hyperactivity and Impulsivity: Six or more sx that have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively impacts directly on social and academic/occupational activities
B. Several inattentive or hyperactive symptoms prior to 12 years of age
C. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive sx are present in two or more settings (e.g. at home, school, or work, with friends or relatives; in other activities)
D. There is clear evidence the symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of social, academic or occupational functioning
E. The sx do not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder
Describe the age of diagnosis of ADHD in the DSM-5 and why ?
ADHDbegins in childhood.
The requirement that several symptoms be present before age 12 years conveys the importance of a substantial clinical presentation during childhood.
At the same time, an earlier age at onset is not specified because of difficulties in establishing precise childhood onset retrospectively.
Adult recall of childhood symptoms tends to be unreliable, and it is beneficial to obtain ancillary information.
What are some of the course specifiers of ADHD?
Inattentive
Hyperactive-impulsive
Combined
Describe the setting component of the DSM-5 for the diagnosis of ADHD
Manifestations of the disorder must be present in more than one setting (e.g., home and school, work).
Confirmation of substantial symptoms across settings typically cannot be done accurately without consulting informants who have seen the individual in those settings. Typically, symptoms vary depending on context within a given setting.
Signs of the disorder may be minimal or absent when the individual is receiving frequent rewards for appropriate behavior, is under close supervision, is in a novel setting, is engaged in especially interesting activities, has consistent external stimulation (e.g., via electronic screens), or is interacting in one-on-one situations (e.g., the clinician’s office).
Describe the etiology of ADHD
Describe the pathophysiology of ADHD
Describe catecholamine release and PFC in ADHD
ADHD: May be in the fatigued state
Stimulants increase NE and DA to reach the alert state
Must be balanced as harms of DA and NE does exist
