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Neuroanatomy > Addtional Material For Midterm > Flashcards

Addtional Material For Midterm Flashcards

0
Q

Anterior white matter of the spinal column…..

A

Carries descending motor info.

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1
Q

The spinal cord…….

A

Consists of nuclei and tracts.
Is continuous with the medulla.
Contains csf located in ventricles of the spinal cord.

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2
Q

Posterior white matter of the spinal column…..

A

Carries ascending sensory info

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3
Q

Internal capsule….

A

Ascending and descending fibers travel thru this pathway.

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4
Q

Ventricles are located……

A

In the midbrain area.

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5
Q

Ventricles are divided into….

A

Right/left lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricles

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6
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

It connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles and is located in the midbrain.h

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7
Q

What is a neurotube disorder?

A

Problems that emerge as the brain was forming, such as a malformed brain or insufficient in size.

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8
Q

What is a small brain called?

A

Anencephaly

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9
Q

What is it called when you are born without a corpus callusum?

A

Agenesis

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10
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A cell located in each ventricle that formulates csf (which is contained within the ventricles) and circulates there and extends to the spinal cord.

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11
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

It is a pathway for the circulation of cerebral spinal fluid to the spinal cord.

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12
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid is….

A

Acellular, it contains no cells.

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13
Q

The brain produces…….of cerebral spinal fluid each day.

A

700mL……30 cc………23 1/3 ounces

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14
Q

What is the purpose of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

It is present to lubricate, moisten, and protect the brain and spinal cord.

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15
Q

What is the chemical composition of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Protein, potassium, sodium, calcium.

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16
Q

Each lateral ventricle consists of……

A

A central part (body) and three extensions. The lateral ventricle is c shaped.

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17
Q

What are the three extensions of the lateral ventricle?

A

Anterior horn=frontal lobe
Posterior horn=occipital lobe
Inferior horn=temporal lobe

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18
Q

What connects each lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?

A

The foramen of monro.

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19
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

In the diencephalon. It is formed when two halves of the brain come together.

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20
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

It is located by the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. It is diamond shaped and continuos with the central canal.

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21
Q

What is the central canal?

A

It is an opening at the top of the spinal cord to the bottom of the spinal cord. Cerebral spinal fluid circulates in the canal.

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22
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Thin tissue that protects the cortex/brain.

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23
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura = outer layer
Arachnoid=medial layer
Pia=closest layer to the brain

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24
Q

What is subdural hematoma?

A

A buildup of a blood clot, blood accumulates beneath the dura mater. Usually from traumatic brain injury.

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25
Q

What is the function of the dura?

A

To protect the brain and spinal cord bc it lines the skull. Texture is similar to a bathing cap.

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26
Q

What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

A stroke that occurs underneath the arachnoid in the virtual space. It is serious and causes Brain injury or death bc of the pressure on the brains tissue.

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27
Q

What is the arachnoid?

A

It loosely covers the brain and spinal cord. The space between the dura and the arachnoid is a virtual space and fluids collect there.

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28
Q

The space beneath the arachnoid……

A

Contains cerebral spinal fluid to support, protect, and provide nutrition.

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29
Q

The pia……

A

Is the deepest layer of the meninges and closely follows the contours of the gyri and sulci of the brain.

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30
Q

The brain receives blood supply from what two systems?

A

The carotid system and the vertebral basilar system.

31
Q

Blood from the heart is…..

A

Oxygenated

32
Q

Why is blood to the brain extremely important?

A

All areas of the brain must be fed with blood or these areas will decrose/die. Brain function relies on oxygen and nutrients.

33
Q

Blood is oxygenated….

A

Lungs, heart, brain.

34
Q

This artery brings blood flow to the brain…..

A

Internal carotid artery.

35
Q

This artery brings blood flow to the face and neck….

A

External carotid artery.

36
Q

Blood circulation to the brain depends on……

A

An elaborate network of arteries.

37
Q

What are arteries?

A

They carry oxygenated blood to the brain and the veins return the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

38
Q

Problems with expressive language….

A

Occurs in brocas area

39
Q

Problems with receptive language…..

A

Occurs in wernickes area.

40
Q

The carotid artery is located….

A

On the right and left side of the neck.

41
Q

The common carotid artery ascends up and branches at….

A

The mandible into external and internal carotid arteries.

42
Q

The internal artery ascends to the brain into the….

A

Lateral sulcus (sylvan fissure, which seperates the parietal and temporal lobes).

43
Q

The internal carotid artery gives rise to these 3 branches….

A

Middle cerebral artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating artery

44
Q

An anterior deficit…..

A

Global aphasia bc of loss of blood supply.

45
Q

Interruption to blood flow in the left hemisphere of the brain….

A

Results in language, cognitive, receptive, expressive, or both disorders.

46
Q

Which artery provides blood supply to a major section of the cortex/left hemisphere?

A

The middle cerebral artery.

47
Q

The cortex also receives blood supply from…

A

The anterior cerebral artery and the posterior communicating artery.

48
Q

The middle cerebral artery brings blood flow to….

A

The lateral and medial surface.

49
Q

The posterior cerebral artery brings blood flow to….

A

The inferior medial aspect of the cortex.

50
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

A way of ensuring all is not lost. It is a provision of alternate blood flow via anastomosis to a brain region that has lost its blood supply.

51
Q

What is edema?

A

Swelling

52
Q

A stroke is….

A

A cerebral vascular accident (cva).

53
Q

Recovery of a stroke…….

A

Is contingent upon the severity of the stroke. Collateral circulation kicks in to help restore and nourish.

54
Q

An aneurysm….

A

Is a weakening in an arterial wall that begins to expand (like a bubble in a garden hose). Due to extreme pressures (inc and dec blood pressure) it stretches and degrades the arterial wall until it cannot stand the pressure and it bursts. This causes a cerebral hemorrhage which is the rupturing of the aneurysm, which causes a stroke.

55
Q

A stroke….

A

Causes an infraction.

56
Q

An infraction…….

A

Is an area of dead tissue that is necrose/dead due to a loss of blood flow and oxygen, specifically.

57
Q

Infraction is caused by……

A

A thrombosis that formed within the blood vessel or artery, which restricted blood flow, sclerotic material buildup or an embolism.

58
Q

A thrombosis is….

A

A blood clot which blocks blood flow.

59
Q

What is sclerotic material?

A

Bad cholesterol build up which causes narrowing of the blood vessel/artery.

60
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Blocking of a smaller artery by sclerotic material (embolus).

61
Q

An embolic type stroke…..

A

Is the most common type of stroke. It is a result of a blood clot elsewhere in the body that travelled in the blood stream and got stuck in the brain.

An embolic event comes under the heading, “ischemic type stroke”.

62
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Interruption of bloodflow.

63
Q

What is arterial fibrillation?

A

A very severe, erratic heart rate where the heart actually shakes.

64
Q

An ischemic stroke……

A

Is a thrombosis or embolism.

65
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

A blood clot caused by crossing your legs. Piece can break off and go to the brain.

66
Q

A buildup of sclerotic plaque….

A

Interferes with cardiovascular efficiency…chest pains. Cardiac catherization is an insertion of a needle into artery of leg. A dye is injected, which goes up to heart to check for blockages due to sclerotic plaque.

67
Q

Anterior and posterior bring bloodflow to…

A

Medial surfaces

68
Q

Anterior brings flow to superior medial aspects of the cortex.

A

Posterior brings flow to inferior medial aspects of the cortex.

69
Q

The vertebral system…..

A

Brings bloodflow to the posterior aspect of the brain.

70
Q

Vertebral arteries ascend…..

A

Thru the vertebrae in the posterior spinal column. Each comes to meet thru the foramen magnum and form the basilar artery.

71
Q

The common carotid artery comes of the….

A

Aorta and splits into external and internal carotid arteries.

72
Q

The basilar artery splits…..

A

Into the PAC…posterior cerebral artery on the right and on the left.

73
Q

The circle of Willis…..

A

Is formed by the anterior communicating artery connecting to the anterior cerebral artery on both sides. It is the ultimate example of collateral circulation.

74
Q

What is anastomosis.

A

It is the joining or connecting of two or more arteries/blood vessels that contribute to collateral circulation.

Neuroanatomy (3 decks)

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