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Additional Science: Biology (II) > Additional Science: Biology (II) > Flashcards

Additional Science: Biology (II) Flashcards

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1
Q

Draw and label a human cell

A
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2
Q

What are the functions of these parts of a cell?

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

A

Nucleus – contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell

Cytoplasm – where most of the chemical reactions occur

Cell membrane – controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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3
Q

What are the functions of these parts of a cell?

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

A

Mitochondria – where energy is released from respiration

Ribosomes – where protein synthesis occurs

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4
Q

Draw and label a plant cell

A
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5
Q

What are the functions of these parts of a cell?

Cell wall

Chloroplasts

Permanent vacuole

A

Cell wall – strengthens the cell

Chloroplasts – absorb light energy to make food via photosynthesis

Vacuole – filled with cell sap and provides a store of water

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6
Q

What do the vacuoles of plant cells contain?

A

Cell sap

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7
Q

What controls the chemical reactions inside cells?

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

What is diffusion and where does it happen?

A

Diffusion is the net spreading out of particles of a gas (or substance in a solution) from [high] to [low]

Diffusion occurs in the lungs – this is how oxygen is moves into the blood

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9
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature and the [concentration] difference effects the rate of diffusion

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10
Q

What is osmosis and where does it occur?

A

Water often moves via osmosis – the water particles move from a net [high] to a [low] across a partially permeable membrane

Osmosis occurs in the root hair cells

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11
Q

What happens to a plant cell if you put it in highly salty water?

A

In salty water there is a [low] of water – this means water moves out of the cell (from [high] to [low]) and the cell will shrink and become flaccid

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12
Q

What happens to a plant cell if you put it in pure water?

A

In pure water there is a [high] of water resulting in water moving into the cell (from [high] to [low]) and the cell will fill of water and become turgid

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13
Q

Draw a picture of a red blood cell and explain how it is specialised

A
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14
Q

Draw a picture of a nerve cell and explain how it is specialised

A
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15
Q

Draw a picture of a cilia cell and explain how it is specialised

A
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16
Q

Draw a picture of a root hair cell and explain how it is specialised

A
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17
Q

Draw a picture of a guard cell and explain how it is specialised

A
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18
Q

Draw a picture of villi in the small intestine and explain how it is specialised

A
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19
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

light

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 602

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20
Q

Why is energy needed for photosynthesis and how does a plant obtain this energy?

A

Energy is needed to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose)

The energy is light energy – this is trapped by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts

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21
Q

What can affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Temperature

Carbon dioxide levels

Light intensity

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22
Q

What is a limiting factor and what can these be in photosynthesis?

A

A limiting factor is anything, which prevents a process from continuing to increase

In photosynthesis there are: -

Low temperature

Shortage of CO2

Shortage of light

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23
Q

What is the glucose produced by photosynthesis used for?

A

Used for respiration

Stored as starch

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24
Q

How do plants store glucose?

A

Insoluble starch

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25
Q

What minerals do plants need for healthy growth?

A

Nitrates and magnesium are needed for healthy growth of a plant

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26
Q

Why do plants need nitrates and magnesium?

A

Nitrates – needed to produce amino acids (used to form proteins)

Magnesium – for chlorophyll production

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27
Q

How can you tell if a plant is deficient in the following?

Nitrates

Magnesium

A

Nitrates – stunted growth (no proteins)

Magnesium – yellow leaves (no chlorophyll)

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28
Q

What is the energy source for most communities of living organisms?

A

Radiation from the Sun

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29
Q

What is a gamete and what do they carry?

A

Gametes are the sex cells (e.g. sperm and egg), which carry genetic information

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30
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a section of DNA, coding for one characteristic

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31
Q

How are these animals adapted to their surroundings: -

Polar bear

Camel

Cactus

A

Polar bear: white coat (camouflage); thick coat & small SA: volume (warmth)

Camel: hump (fat store); wide feet (reduce sinking into sand)

Cactus: spines (protection & reduced transpiration); long roots (increase water uptake)

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32
Q

What do plants compete for?

What do animals compete for?

A

Plants – light; water; nutrients (from soil)

Animals – food; mates; territory

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33
Q

Where is DNA carried in most cells?

A

In the nucleus

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34
Q

What are yeast?

A

Yeast are single celled organisms

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35
Q

What are tissues, organs and organ systems?

A

Similar cells are organized into tissues (cells which work together to complete a certain function)

Organs are a group of different tissues working to perform a function

Organ systems are organs which work together to complete a function

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36
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms (which lack a nucleus)

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37
Q

What is a quadrat and how is it used?

A

A quadrat is a square frame enclosing a known area (e.g. 1m2) to measure the numbers of organisms in an area

38
Q

What are transects and how are they used?

A

Transects are lines to identify how distributed across an area an organism is

*Collect data along line / use quadrats

39
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Some glucose is stored as glycogen (in liver / muscle)

During vigorous exercise glycogen is converted back into glucose to provide more energy

40
Q

What are the sex chromosomes in humans?

A

X and Y

All men have XY and all women have XX

41
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst increases the rate of a reaction without being used up

42
Q

Why are enzymes called biological catalysts?

A

Biological – from a living organism

Catalyst – increase the rate of reaction without being used up

43
Q

What are enzymes and how do they work?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts – they are protein molecules made up of long chains of amino acids

Enzymes work as a lock and a key – the protein chains have a special shape, which enables other molecules to fit into the enzyme

44
Q

What happens to enzyme function as the temperature is increased?

A

At warm temperatures (40ºC) enzymes work faster due to the particles moving faster

At hotter temperatures (>60ºC) the enzymes start to denature (they lose their shape and cannot work any longer)

45
Q

What pH would you expect enzymes in these areas of the body to work best at?

Mouth

Stomach

Small intestine

A

Mouth = pH 7

Stomach = pH 2

Small intestine = pH 8/9

46
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration – uses oxygen

Anaerobic respiration – does not use oxygen

47
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 602 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

48
Q

Where in a cell does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Within the mitochondria

49
Q

What can different organisms use the energy released by respiration for?

A

Build up large molecules using smaller ones

In animals it allows muscles to contract

In mammals and birds it maintains a steady body temperature

In plants it allows for the build up of sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids (which are then built into proteins)

50
Q

Some enzymes work outside of the body cells – explain how this happens in the digestive system

A

Digestive system enzymes are produced by specialised cells in the glands and in the lining of the gut – the enzymes pass out of the cell into the gut where they digest larger food molecules into smaller ones

51
Q

Give 3 examples of processes, which are catalysed by enzymes within living cells

A

Respiration

Protein synthesis

Photosynthesis

52
Q

Where is the enzyme amylase produced, and what does it break down?

A

In the mouth (converting starch to sugars)

53
Q

Where is the enzyme protease produced, and what does it break down?

A

In the stomach, pancreas and small intestine (converting proteins into amino acids)

54
Q

Where is the enzyme lipase produced, and what does it break down?

A

In the pancreas and the small intestine (converting fats to fatty acids and glycerol)

55
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

Why is this?

A

pH 2 due to the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach (to kill bacteria)

56
Q

What is bile?

Where is it produced, and what pH is it?

A

An alkaline substance which helps with the breakdown of fats – produced in the liver (pH 11)

57
Q

Why does the small intestine have a low alkaline pH?

A

Due to the combination of the stomach acid (pH 2) and the bile (pH 11)

58
Q

How are enzymes used in the home?

A

Biological washing powder contain protein and fat digesting enzymes (proteases and lipases)

59
Q

How are enzymes used in industry?

A

Proteases – used to pre-digest some baby foods

Carbohydrases – used to convert starch to sugar syrup

Isomerase – used to convert glucose syrup to the sweet fructose syrup (which can be used in smaller quantities, useful for slimming foods)

60
Q

What is isomerase and what is it used for?

A

Isomerase is an enzyme, which converts glucose syrup into fructose syrup (much sweeter so can be used in smaller quantities) in slimming foods

61
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Polydactyly is a genetic disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers / toes

It is caused by a dominant allele (D)

62
Q

What are the pros / cons of embryo screening during IVF?

A

Pros: reduces suffering; laws stop it going too far (e.g. picking of sex); during IVF most embryos are destroyed anyway (just picking a healthy one); treating disorders costs a lot of government money

Cons: designer baby possibility; rejected embryos are destroyed; implies people with genetic disorders are ‘undesirable’; screening is very expensive

63
Q

What do fossils show?

A

Fossils are the remains of dead plants and animals providing evidence of organisms that once lived (minerals / casts / impressions / preservation where no decay could take place)

64
Q

What is extinction and how is it caused?

A

Extinction is caused when organisms cannot evolve quickly enough due because: -

Environmental change

New predator

New disease

Catastrophic event

New species develops (outcompetes)

65
Q

What is speciation?

A

Speciation is the development of a new species (via isolation and then natural selection)

66
Q

What stages are involved in isolation?

A

Original population / physical barriers / new adaptations / new species develops

67
Q

How does natural selection lead to evolution?

A

Organisms evolved through natural selection: -

One organism has an advantage (mutation / change in environment)

Organism now more likely to survive

Organism more likely to breed and pass on their advantageous genes

68
Q

What is a mutation and what can it lead to?

A

A mutation is a change in DNA – this can lead to a negative change / neutral change / positive change (leading to evolution)

69
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

That all organisms on Earth have evolved from simple single celled organisms millions of years ago

70
Q

What evidence is there for the theory of evolution?

A

Fossil records show how animals have changed over time

DNA and physiological similarities

71
Q

Describe the experiments conducted by Mendel

A

Mendel investigated inheritance in plants – he used seed shape and colour in pea plants (and height)

He found that some characteristics were stronger (dominant) and some weaker (recessive)

He also provided evidence for the ratio of inheritance of strong and weak characteristics

72
Q

Complete this genetic cross: -

Hh hh

(H = long stem; h = short stem)

A
73
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis – production of body cells (cells have full chromosomes number and are exactly the same as the parent cell)

Meiosis – production of gametes (cells have ½ the chromosome number and are genetically different to the parent cell)

74
Q

How do body cells reproduce and how are the gametes (sex cells) formed?

A

Body cells = mitosis

Gametes = meiosis

75
Q

How many chromosomes are found in body cells?

How many chromosomes are found in the gametes (sex cells)?

A

Body cells = 46 (23 pairs)

Gametes = 23

76
Q

What is the scientific name for sex cells?

A

Gametes

77
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Copies of chromosomes are made – the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes

78
Q

What happens at fertilisation?

A

The gametes fuse – a single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed and the cell reproduces by mitosis to form a new individual

79
Q

What are stem cells, where are they found and what may they be used to treat?

A

Stem cells can be made to form into many different types of cells, e.g. nerve cells (they are not restricted to growth and repair)

They are found in embryos and adult bone marrow

They can be used to treat paralysis

80
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction: –

2 parents

Offspring genetically different to the parent

Asexual reproduction: -

1 parent (cloning)

Offspring genetically identical

81
Q

What is the difference between the genes of males and females?

A

Males = XY

Females = XX

82
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene, e.g. brown eyes and blue eyes

83
Q

What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene?

A

Dominant genes are likely to be shown (strong)

Recessive genes are not likely to be shown (weak)

84
Q

Define the following: -

Chromosome

Gene

DNA

A

Chromosome – long strands of DNA, containing many genes

Gene – a section of DNA coding for one characteristic

DNA – material which makes up genetic information

85
Q

What does a gene code for?

A

A gene tells the body the combination of amino acids needed to make a particular protein

86
Q

What is a DNA fingerprint?

A

Each person (apart from identical twins) has unique DNA – the DNA can be identified and used to create a genetic fingerprint, which can be used to solve crimes

87
Q

Give two examples of inherited disorders

A

Cystic fibrosis

Huntington’s disease

88
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

Is it dominant or recessive?

A

Affects the nervous system – symptoms develop later in life (about 40 years old)

Caused by a dominant allele, and only one parent needs the disease to pass it on

89
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

Is it dominant or recessive?

A

Affects the cell membranes – mainly affects the lungs and pancreas

It is recessive, with both parents needing to carry the disease to pass it on

90
Q

What is meant by the term ‘carrier’ of a genetic disease?

A

A ‘carrier’ of a genetic disease carries the recessive gene, but does not have any symptoms themselves

Additional Science: Biology (II) (1 decks)

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