Additional Applied Science Flashcards
Why do we need the following?
Carbohydrates
Protein
Carbohydrates provide energy
Proteins are needed for growth and repair
Which types of food are good sources of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals?
Fruit and vegetables
What health risks are associated with eating too much of the following?
Saturated fat
Sugar
Salt
Saturated fat = heart disease
Sugar = diabetes
Salt = high blood pressure
What are the 4 main components of the blood?
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
How is glucose tested for?
Dip stick test
What does success in sport depend upon?
Fitness of the body
Energy and Nutrient intake
Effectiveness of equipment
Skill Level of athlete
Training
Concentration and focus of athlete
How do the heart and lungs provide oxygen and glucose for exercise?
Breathe faster – this allows the lungs to put more oxygen into the blood and to remove more CO2
Heart beats faster to move oxygen and glucose to the muscles more quickly
What happens in the thorax when we breathe in?
Inter-costal muscles contract and pull the ribs up and out
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
This increases the size of the thorax and lowers the pressure causing air to rush in
What happens in the thorax when we breathe out?
Inter-costal muscles relax and pull the ribs down and in
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
This decreases the size of the thorax and increases the pressure causing air to rush out
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration does use oxygen
Glucose + oxygen >>> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen
Glucose >>> lactic acid + (energy)
Anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic so it is only used during strenuous exercise
What is the oxygen debt and why does it happen?
How is it ‘repaid’?
The oxygen debt is the oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid made by anaerobic respiration
It happens when there is a shortage of oxygen during exercise
We pant after exercise to repay this debt
What is body temperature?
How do we cool ourselves down?
37°C
We cool ourselves down by: sweating; vasodilation (blood vessels move to the top of the skin so more heat can be lost)
What is body temperature?
How do we warm ourselves up?
37°C
We warm ourselves up by: shivering; goose bumps; vasoconstriction (blood vessels shrink further into the skin so less heat is lost)
How does the body control blood sugar levels?
Insulin (hormone produced in the pancreas) is responsible for controlling the level of sugar in the blood
What are antagonistic muscles?
Antagonistic muscles work in pairs – when one muscle contracts the other relaxes
E.g. the biceps and the triceps
How can heart rate be measured?
Using 2 fingers to press on the neck or the wrist
The number of beats per minute gives the heart rate
What is recovery rate?
How can this be measured?
The time taken to return to normal breathing and pulse after exercise is called the recovery rate
This can be measured by recorded the pulse and breathing at rest and timing how long it takes to return to this after exercise
What is spirometer used to measure?
A spirometer can be breathed into to measure lung capacity (vital capacity and volume capacity)
How can the glucose of the blood and urine be measured?
Glucose in the blood and urine can be measured using a dipstick
How can muscle strength be measured?
A grip test can be used to measure muscle strength
What type of foods are essential to optimise athletic performance?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
What is the job of a sports nutritionists and dietician?
They study the nutrient intakes of athletes and provide nutritional advice to maximise performance
How would a dietitian or sports nutritionist work out the nutritional requirements of client?
Using the daily energy requirements needed for a person of that weight and increase this to cope with exercise requirement
What is Body Mass Index?
How can it be worked out?
Body Mass index is an indicator of perfect weight
What types of food are athletes likely to eat before competing?
Complex carbohydrates e.g. bread, pasta and rice
This is because they contain lots of energy, which can be stored in the muscles (as glycogen)
Why may some athletes eat a diet high in protein?
Athletes wanting to build muscle e.g. weight lifters, will eat lots of protein to build muscle
What is an isotonic sports drink?
Isotonic drinks can replace water, glucose and electrolytes into the blood, which can be lost during strenuous exercise
Why does sportswear need to have the following properties?
Lightweight
Durable
Comfortable
Lightweight – to aid speed and endurance
Durable – to withstand heavy use
Comfortable – so they do not interfere with performance
When may sports clothing need to be high friction?
When slipping must be avoided e.g. trainers and gloves
When may sports equipment need to be low friction?
When speed is needed e.g. lycra shorts
What types of sport equipment may be made from metal?
Why is metal chosen?
Equipment such as golf clubs need to made from metal
This is because it is strong, flexible and hard (also conduct electricity)
What types of sport equipment may be made from ceramics?
Why are ceramics chosen?
Ceramics are used for hunting knives and fishing equipment etc…
They are used for this because they have high melting and boiling points and a low thermal conductivity
What types of sport equipment may be made from polymers?
Why are polymers chosen?
Sport clothing is often made from polymers
This is because it is low density, flexible and has low thermal conductivity
What type of natural materials can be used for sports clothing
What types of synthetic materials can be used for sports clothing?
Natural = cotton & leather
Synthetic = polyester & lycra
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using synthetic materials for sports clothing?
Advantages: -
Strong
Water-resistant
Flexible
Cheap
Disadvantages: -
Some do not let sweat out/skin to breathe
Non-biodegradable
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using natural materials for sports clothing?
Advantages: -
Allow skin to breathe (wicking)
Strong
Disadvantages: -
Some absorb water
Less flexible
In what type of sports would it be important that clothes should have the following properties?
Low density
Smooth
High tensile strength
Low density – for increasing speed e.g. trainers
Smooth – for reducing air resistance and increasing speed
High tensile strength – for material providing support e.g. bandages, lifting belts etc…
In what type of sports would it be important that clothes should have the following properties?
Thermal insulating
Flexible
Shock absorbent
Thermal insulating – to keep heat in e.g. skiing
Flexible – increased movement e.g. gymnastics
Shock absorbent – trainers
What is the respiratory system and what does it contain?
The respiratory system contains the organs which allow us to get oxygen to the cells (and remove carbon dioxide)
What are alveoli and what is their function?
Alveoli allow gas exchange in the lungs to occur (they have a very large surface area, are moist and have very thin walls with many capillaries)
What is respiration and where does it take place?
Respiration is the release of energy (from glucose and oxygen)
It occurs in every cell of the body
What is the word equation for respiration?
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
What is the symbol equation for respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + (energy)
What is tidal volume and vital capacity?
Tidal volume is the amount of air you breathe in and out with each breath
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air you could possibly breathe in or out in one breath
What does the circulatory system consist of?
Heat, arteries, veins and capillaries
What is the job of the arteries and how are they adapted to perform this?
Arteries are thick walled carrying blood away from the heart to the body
What is the job of the veins and how are they adapted to perform this?
Veins are thin walled carrying blood back to the heart (they have valves)
What differences are there between the left and right side of the heart?
The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (picking up oxygen)
The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body (more muscular)
What is the job of the capillaries and how are they adapted to perform this?
Capillaries are one cell thick tubes allowing oxygen, food and waste to pass through them
What does the body do if there is too much blood glucose?
Insulin is added
What does the body do if there is too little blood glucose?
Insulin is not produced (and glucagon is released causing stored glycogen to be converted into glucose)
What is the function of the skeleton?
Support
Protection (internal organs)
Movement
What are the bones of the arm?
What are the bones of the arm?
How can you work out the moment of a simple lever such as an arm?
Moment = Force x Distance
What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic drinks?
Hypertonic drinks supplement daily carbohydrate intake
Hypotonic drinks replace fluids lost through sweating
Isotonic drinks replace fluids and boost carbohydrates
What do athletes record a diet diary?
It makes their specific BER more accurate
What does the following symbol mean: -
BSI mark - product has been tested for quality and purpose and certain standards have been met for market in the UK
What does the following symbol mean: -
CE mark – product has been tested for quality and purpose and certain standards have been met for market in the European community
What is density and how is it calculated?
Density is a measure of the amount of mass per unit of volume
Density = mass ÷ volume
How can a material be measured for its stiffness, flexibility, toughness and brittleness?
Stiffness, flexibility, toughness and brittleness are measurements of stress
Stress = force ÷ cross sectional area
How can you measure compressive and tensile (breaking) strength of a material?
A material can be stretched until it deforms (using Hooke’s law)
Force = material constant x extension
What is thermal and electrical conductivity?
Thermal and electrical conductivity is a measurement which shows how well a material allows heat and electricity to flow through it
What are the properties of metals?
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, are strong and have high melting and boiling points
What is an alloy?
An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements (where at least one is a metal)
What are polymers?
Polymers make plastics (long chains of monomers) with varying properties (e.g. plastic bags, ropes, electrical insulation etc…)
What is the difference between a thermosoftening and a thermosetting polymer?
Thermosoftening – can be heated and shaped many times
Thermosetting – can only be heated and shaped once
How do thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers differ structurally?
Thermosetting polymers (bottom) contain cross links, holding their shape
What are composites (name 2) and why are they useful?
Composites combine the properties of 2 or more materials,
GRP (glass-reinforced plastic) – stronger than plastic but not as brittle as glass
Ceramic hip – very hard yet very smooth
What does the following symbol mean?
Corrosive – a substance that may destroy living tissue on contact – it causes a burn
What does the following symbol mean?
Flammable – a substance that can catch fire easily
What does the following symbol mean?
Oxidising – this type of substance gives of a large amount of heat when in contact with other substances
What does the following symbol mean?
Explosive – a substance that may explode if it comes into contact with a flame or heat. It may also explode due to friction or shock
What does the following symbol mean?
Health hazard – a substance that poses a risk to health (e.g. may cause cancers)
What does the following symbol mean?
Moderate hazard – a substance that may cause harm in some way
What does the following symbol mean?
Toxic – a substance that is poisonous if swallowed or breathed in. It may even go through your skin!
What does the following symbol mean?
Gas under pressure – gas is pressurised and may pose a risk
What does the following symbol mean?
Environmental hazard – these substances damage or pollute the environment
What does the following symbol mean?
Radiation – these substances are radioactive. Radiation can damage cells and cause cancer
What deals with occupational health and safety in the UK?
The Health and Safety at Work act
What is the regulatory body responsible for the regulation of risks to health and safety in the workplace?
The Health and Safety Executive
What is this fire extinguisher used for and what should it not be used for?
Water
Used for wood, textiles and solid materials
Do not use for liquid, electrical or metal fires
What is this fire extinguisher used for and what should it not be used for?
Powder
Used for liquid, electrical, wood, paper & textiles
Do not use for metal fires
What is this fire extinguisher used for and what should it not be used for?
AFFF Foam
Used for liquid, paper, wood and textile fires
Do not use for electrical or metal fires
What is this fire extinguisher used for and what should it not be used for?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Used for liquid and electrical
Do not use for metal fires
What does the FSA do?
Food Standards Agency (FS) protect the public’s health and consumer interests in food
What does DEFRA do?
Department for Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) ensure the farming industry thrives and produces sustainable, healthy and secure food supplies
What are the common symptoms of food poisoning?
Nausea / stomach pains
Vomiting
Diarrheoa
How can food preparation areas be kept free of bacteria?
Good personal hygiene
Wearing protective clothing
Disinfectants
Detergents
Sterilisation
Correct disposal of waste
What is heat treatment?
High temperatures, which kill virtually all microorganisms and their spores: -
Canning
Bottling
Pasteurisation
Ultra-heat treatment (UHT)
Sterilisation
How do low temperatures stop microorganisms?
Low temperatures slow down bacterial growth (fridges) and stop bacterial growth (freezers)
What is an aseptic technique?
Techniques which prevent contamination (sterile)
What is serial dilution?
Serial dilution takes a concentrated solution and makes it dilute
What are the three main microorganisms which need to be slowed / removed / destroyed to preserve our food?
Bacteria
Fungi (yeast)
Moulds
What food products are made using microorganisms?
Yogurt and cheese (bacteria)
Bread (yeast)
Wine and beer (yeast)
What two farming methods are there?
Intensive farming and organic farming
How do plants make their own food?
Via photosynthesis
What do plants need from the soil?
Water and nutrients / minerals (nitrates, phosphates and potassium)
What reduces the rate of photosynthesis (limiting factors)?
Light intensity
Temperature
Carbon dioxide
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as light intensity increases?
It increases (until a point)
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as carbon dioxide levels increase?
It increases (until a point)
What happens to the rate of photosynthesis as temperature increases?
It increases then decreases (if too hot enzymes required for photosynthesis are denatured)
How do farmers reduce photosynthesis limiting factors?
Plants are grown using artificial lights, in warm conditions and with paraffin lamps inside greenhouses (which release carbon dioxide)
What are pests?
Pests are animals that eat and damage crops, e.g. caterpillars, snails, aphids etc…
How can farmers reduce the number of pests?
Organic farming: biological predators (ladybirds to eat aphids)
Intensive farming: pesticides (chemicals which kill pests)
How can farmers reduce fungi?
Fungicides which target specific fungi
What is a weed?
A weed is any unwanted plant
How can weeds be removed?
Organic farming: removed by digging them up
Intensive farming: herbicides which kill specific plants (the weeds)
What are fertilisers?
Fertilisers contain minerals needed for plant growth (natural such as horse poo and chemical alternatives)
What is intensive farming?
Intensive farming is designed to reduce energy loss (and therefore increase profit)
Animals are kept inside; fertilisers are used; pesticides, fungicides and herbicides sprayed onto crops; mono-cultured crops; antibiotics for livestock
Has moral issues!
What is organic farming?
Organic farming is a more natural way of farming (more expensive for the consumer as more energy is required)
Animals have more freedom / not kept inside; natural fertilisers are used; biological control and weeds are picked by hand
Less food can be produced
What is selective breeding?
Selective breeding produces offspring with characteristics you want
Choose parents with traits (things you want)
Breed the parents
Select from the offspring
Repeat
Give two examples of selective breeding
Cows which produce more milk and are docile
Apples that are tasty but more resistant to disease
What is genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering takes genes from one organism and transfers them to another
What are the pros / cons of genetic engineering?
Pros: -
Reduce impact of genetic diseases
Improve plant growth
Improve resistance to disease
Longer shelf-life food
Ripening of fruit can be changed
World hunger solution
Cons: -
Playing ‘God’
It might not work (waste of money)
Genes could spread to the wild
Designer babies
Effects are not yet known (long-term)
Reduces the gene pool
What is cloning?
Cloning is a method of producing an identical copy, e.g. plant cutting / fusion cell cloning
How can plants be cloned?
Cuttings
How can animals be cloned?
Fusion cell cloning
How can you measure the rate of reaction?
Measure the rate at which the reactant is used up / the rate at which the product is formed
What factors affect the rate of reaction?
Temperature
Concentration
Pressure
Surface Area
Catalysts
What are catalysts?
Catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being used up, e.g. soap powder / enzymes
What is a reversible reaction?
A reaction which can have the products react and form back into the reactants
What can affect the position of an equilibrium?
Temperature
Concentration (pressure in gas reactions)
What is (actual) yield and theoretical yield?
Actual yield – amount of product formed
Theoretical yield – maximum product that could form
How can percentage yield be worked out?
Precentage yield = (mass product ÷ obtained theoretical mass) x 100
What is ammonia and why is it needed?
Ammonia is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen (NH3) used to make fertilisers via the Haber Process
How is ammonia made during the Haber Process?
A compromise of temperature and pressure is chosen for maximum yield at lowest cost
What is an ionic compound?
Give an example
Ionic compounds are formed when one atom gives electrons away and another picks them up, e.g. sodium chloride, potassium fluoride etc…
What is a covalent compound?
Give an example
Covalent compounds are made when atoms share electrons, e.g. carbon dioxide, water, ethanol, glucose etc…
What is universal indicator?
An indicator which measures the pH of a substance
How can the pH of a solution be measured?
Use litmus paper: -
Red = acid
Blue = alkali
Use universal indicator: -
Red = strong acid
Orange = weak acid
Green = neutral
Blue/green = weak alkali
Purple = strong alkali
How can you test the solubility of a powder?
Measure how much of the powder will dissolve in 100g of water
How can you use precipitation to test for the following ions?
Copper (II)
Iron (II)
Iron (III)
Add sodium hydroxide
Copper (II) = blue precipitate
Iron (II) = green precipitate
Iron (III) = orange precipitate
How can you test for the following?
Calcium
Lead
Add sodium hydroxide – white precipitate, followed by adding excess sodium hydroxide
Lead – white precipitate disappears
Calcium – white precipitate does not disappear (turns flame brick red)
How can you test for chlorine?
Add silver nitrate and dilute nitric acid
Chlorides = white precipitate
How can you test for sulfates?
Add barium chloride and dilute hydrochloric acid
Sulfates = white precipitate
How can you test for carbonates?
Carbonates react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky
How can ethanol (alcohol) be tested for?
Acidified potassium dichromate turns from yellow to green
How can the colours in liquids be separated using chromatography?
Place dot of ink on chromatography paper; place paper in water; as water travels up the paper the ink is separated…
How are atoms arranged?
A central nucleus with protons and neutrons inside (orbited by electrons)
What is the atomic mass and atomic number?
Atomic mass – number of protons + neutrons
Atomic number – number of protons (therefore electrons)
What is a mole?
A mole is a number – 6.023 x 1023
This precise number of atoms of carbon-12 weighs 12g
How can you work out the moles in a given mass?
Number of moles = Mass (g) of element or compound ÷ atomic mass of the elements or compound
What is titration?
What can it be used for?
Titration is used to add exact quantities of solution – a known concentration of acid can be used to work out the concentration of an unknown alkali (or vice-versa)
How can Rf values be calculated?
Different chromatograms and the separated components of the mixtures can be identified by calculating the Rf value
What is a comparison microscope?
A device used to compare things side by side
What distinctive features do forensic scientists look for in bullets?
Length of bullet, shape and weight, rilfling marks, patterns etc…
What distinctive features do forensic scientists look for in seeds?
Size of the seed, colour, shape and type
What are polarising microscopes used for?
Fibres and soil
What are electron microscopes used for?
Paint and pollen grains – they can magnify up to a million times
What is mass spectrometry?
Mass spectrometry can identify elements and the relative ratios of isotopes
What is infra-red spectrometry?
Infra-red spectrometry can determine molecular structure and identify an organic compound
Why are instrumental techniques used?
Instrumental techniques provide much more precise and reliable evidence than those from laboratory experiments
What are the main parts of an animal cell and what are their functions?
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
What is contained in blood?
Blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What are the 4 main blood groups?
A
B
O
AB
Where is DNA located?
Why is DNA such a good form of evidence?
DNA is located in the nucleus
DNA is such good evidence because no 2 people (apart from identical twins) have the same DNA
How is a DNA profile produced?
An enzyme is used to cut up the DNA
Fragments are separated by electrophoresis
Electric field pulls them through a gel
Different sizes of fragment move different amounts
The pattern is individual to each person
What is refractive index?
Refractive index is the bending of light (due to refraction) in different mediums
