Addiction Week 2 Flashcards
Operant Conditioning Skinner
Process by which various rewards and punishments increase or decrease the likelihoof of an individual repeating a particular action in the future
Positive reinforcement
Increases probability of a behavior by giving a reward
E.g. risk of losing 400 euros but you do win and get 14.000 which is immediate reward
Negative reinforcement
Increases probability of a behavior by removing unpleasant stimulus (discomfort)
E.g. Smoker stops smoking and experiemces withdrawal. These feelings are removed when they smoke another cigarette
Punishment
Decreases probability of a behavior
Reinforcements and punishments are stronger when they are closely linked in time with actions (contiguity)
Classic conditioning Pavlov
Pprocess by which humans learn to associate stimuli that frequently co-occur together irrespectively of whether the stimuli are causally linked in any way.
Unconditioned response UCR
Reflex already elicited by a stimulus (salivating at the sight of food)
Unconditioned stimulus UCS
A stimulus that can elicit the response ( such as food which can elicit salivation)
Neutral stimulus NS
Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the response (ringing a bell does not cause salivation)
Conditioned stimulus CS
Conditioned response CR
CS= a new stimulus and neutral stimulus that when paired with UCS will produce the response NS -> CS
CR= the new name for the UCR when response is conditioned to the CS
Extinction
Repeatedly presenting the CS alone until the CS ceases to elicit a response ( when the CS continually fails to elicit the CR)
Conditioned withdrawal
Environment stimuli aquires the ability through classical conditioning to elicit many of the signs and symptoms of pharmacologocal withdrawal
Drug opposite conditioned responses
Responses to conditioned stimuli as if the body is anticipating the arrival of the drug and the effect it will produce so that it minimizes the intensity of the effect
Can mimic withdrawal symptoms
Can be classed as a form of tolerance
Conditoned withdrawal
after a few as seven pairings between mild opiod withdrawal symptoms (UCR) and neutral stimuli (peppermint spray CS) humans begin to show signs of withdrawal (CR) when exposed to the CS alone
Conditioned tolerance
Drug opposite conditoned responses counteract the anticipated effects of the drug so that when the drug is administered the individual will demonstrate conditioned tolerance
1) Drug like conditioned responses
2) needle freak phenomenon
1) when the conditoned response is in the same direction as the observed drug effect
2) injecting an inert substance instead of for example heroin will produce the same effect as the drug yet milder
Social learning theory Bandura
Understanding human behavior in terms of both internal and external causes (as opposed to learning theory which is focused on enviromental influences)
Reciprocal determinism= environment can affect use but we can also influence our envitonment
Learning happens in social context
Key concepts of social learning theory
Modelling
Past learning does not determine what we do in the next situation
Reinforcements and punishment are indirect factors
Expectation of reinforcement or punishment is powerful enough
Self efficacy
Degree to which an individual feels competent or capable of perforning an action
E.g. belief in one’s ability to stop smoking
Abstinence violation effect ( AVE)
Effect and consequences of failing to remain abstinent
Self efficacy types
Resistance Harm reduction Action Coping Recovery
Dual system theory
Our cognitive processes are divided between 2 different systems
- Automatic processes= occur outside of conscious awarenedd and cannot be examinef ditectly by the individual
- Controlled processes= make up the majority of what we would think of as our conscious thinking
2 systems are interdependent
Important features of Dual system
- Inputs always via system 1
- System 1 is capable of producing in responses in the absence of system 2 involvement
- System 2 is dependent upon system 1 input, so controlled responses im system 2 are also influenced by system 1
- System 2 processes can have reciprocal effect on the contents of system 1
Cases of problem gambling (Dual system)
3 failures
- Overriding system 1 processes: difficulty to inhibit automatic responses
- Incomplete system 1 outputs: problem gamblers tended to have difficulties indentifying and describing their emotions
- Missing mental software: problem gamblers held errounous beliefs abozt prob. And relative risks in gambling
Robinson and Berridge (1993)
Drug wanting= unconscious urge not related to get pleasure or a drug (drug liking). It activates the reward system and WANTING the drug
Tiffanys craving model
Dependence is a form of automatic behavior
Continued drug use over time leads to development of automatic drug-use representations
Behaviour –> Habitual
Craving has 2 components
Automatic craving=unconscious, drug representations, schemata
Controlled craving= intense feeling of wanting and needing something, negative emotional reactions
Attentional bias
People tend to notice and pay attention zo the things that matter to them
Weinstein and Cox: attentional bias increases motivation to seek out and use drugs/alcohol and drug use behavior
Franken’s model of drug craving and addictive behavior
Perception of drug related stimuli leafd to increased dopaminergic activity in reward pathway of dependent users (driver of attentional bias)
Routes of administration
Oral Injection= vein(intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), slightly under skin (subcutaneous) Inhalation Application to skin Through muscous membranes
Routes from fast to slow
Intravenous
Inhalation
Mucous membranes
Oral
Factors affecting drug movement
Lipid solubility (fats) -> alcohol is highly lipid soluble so cellular membranes are easily passed
Degree of Ionization
Drug molecule size
Concentration differences
Individual variability on drug concentration
Age
Gender
Health status
Genetics
Woman= higher volume of fat and lower volume of water ( higher blood alcohol concentrations)
Reward pathway
Passes through limbic region
Begins in VTA
Moves through nuccleus accumbens
Ends in PFC
Monoamines
Neurotransmitters that operate within the brain structures associated with cognition, emotions and behavior
Dopamine, Serotonin and Noradrenalin
Half life
Amount of time it taked to eliminate half of the drug which tells us about the time it will take to eliminate the drug, hoe long we will feel the effects of the drug and the time interval that we will need to tske tge drug again to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior
Curvillinear development og motivational behavior
Prefrontal regions show linear pattern of development
Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior
Curvillinear development og motivational behavior
Prefrontal regions show linear pattern of development
Triadic model
Approach system= ventral striatum
Avoidance system= amygdala
Regulatory system= prefrontal cortex
Phenotypic characterization of adolescence
Not being able to resist temptation
Higher vulnerability to risk taking due to combi of higher inclinations to seek excitement and relatively immature capacities for self control
Integrated model of craving and addiction
Explains craving and relapse by psychological mechanism of attentional bias and provides neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms for this bias
Conditioned drug -> increase in dopaminr in corticostriatsl circuit (anterior gyrus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens) –> draws subjects attention to drug stimulus
Homeostatic dysregulation theory
Craving is seen as need to establish new homeostasis after drug withdrawal
Attention
Definition
2 categories
Mechanism by which salient stimuli are inventoried by an organism and is automatically directed toward cues that predict reward or punishment
- Voluntary: active, directed, top-down, controlled
- Involuntary: reactive, passive, bottom-up, automatic
Attentional bias and craving
Attentional bias can elicit craving and relapse and the other way around!
Contribution of attentional bias to addictive behavior
- Maintenance of addictive behaviors: may be the result of an enhanced liklehood to detect and become aware of drug cues in environment
- this automatic selection process is responsible for the fact that drug cues are signalled more easily - Once a drug is detected it is automatically processed and its difficult to draw attention away from this cue
- Because of the limited capacity of attention the automatic focusing on drug related cues would result in a subsequent failure in the processing of competitive cues
