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Addiction WEEK 2 > Addiction Week 2 > Flashcards

Addiction Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Operant Conditioning Skinner

A

Process by which various rewards and punishments increase or decrease the likelihoof of an individual repeating a particular action in the future

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2
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increases probability of a behavior by giving a reward

E.g. risk of losing 400 euros but you do win and get 14.000 which is immediate reward

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3
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increases probability of a behavior by removing unpleasant stimulus (discomfort)

E.g. Smoker stops smoking and experiemces withdrawal. These feelings are removed when they smoke another cigarette

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4
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases probability of a behavior

Reinforcements and punishments are stronger when they are closely linked in time with actions (contiguity)

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5
Q

Classic conditioning Pavlov

A

Pprocess by which humans learn to associate stimuli that frequently co-occur together irrespectively of whether the stimuli are causally linked in any way.

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6
Q

Unconditioned response UCR

A

Reflex already elicited by a stimulus (salivating at the sight of food)

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7
Q

Unconditioned stimulus UCS

A

A stimulus that can elicit the response ( such as food which can elicit salivation)

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8
Q

Neutral stimulus NS

A

Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the response (ringing a bell does not cause salivation)

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus CS

Conditioned response CR

A

CS= a new stimulus and neutral stimulus that when paired with UCS will produce the response NS -> CS

CR= the new name for the UCR when response is conditioned to the CS

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Repeatedly presenting the CS alone until the CS ceases to elicit a response ( when the CS continually fails to elicit the CR)

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11
Q

Conditioned withdrawal

A

Environment stimuli aquires the ability through classical conditioning to elicit many of the signs and symptoms of pharmacologocal withdrawal

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12
Q

Drug opposite conditioned responses

A

Responses to conditioned stimuli as if the body is anticipating the arrival of the drug and the effect it will produce so that it minimizes the intensity of the effect

Can mimic withdrawal symptoms
Can be classed as a form of tolerance

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13
Q

Conditoned withdrawal

A

after a few as seven pairings between mild opiod withdrawal symptoms (UCR) and neutral stimuli (peppermint spray CS) humans begin to show signs of withdrawal (CR) when exposed to the CS alone

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14
Q

Conditioned tolerance

A

Drug opposite conditoned responses counteract the anticipated effects of the drug so that when the drug is administered the individual will demonstrate conditioned tolerance

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15
Q

1) Drug like conditioned responses

2) needle freak phenomenon

A

1) when the conditoned response is in the same direction as the observed drug effect
2) injecting an inert substance instead of for example heroin will produce the same effect as the drug yet milder

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16
Q

Social learning theory Bandura

A

Understanding human behavior in terms of both internal and external causes (as opposed to learning theory which is focused on enviromental influences)

Reciprocal determinism= environment can affect use but we can also influence our envitonment

Learning happens in social context

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17
Q

Key concepts of social learning theory

A

Modelling
Past learning does not determine what we do in the next situation
Reinforcements and punishment are indirect factors
Expectation of reinforcement or punishment is powerful enough

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18
Q

Self efficacy

A

Degree to which an individual feels competent or capable of perforning an action

E.g. belief in one’s ability to stop smoking

19
Q

Abstinence violation effect ( AVE)

A

Effect and consequences of failing to remain abstinent

20
Q

Self efficacy types

A 
Resistance 
Harm reduction
Action
Coping
Recovery
21
Q

Dual system theory

A

Our cognitive processes are divided between 2 different systems

  1. Automatic processes= occur outside of conscious awarenedd and cannot be examinef ditectly by the individual
  2. Controlled processes= make up the majority of what we would think of as our conscious thinking

2 systems are interdependent

22
Q

Important features of Dual system

A
  1. Inputs always via system 1
  2. System 1 is capable of producing in responses in the absence of system 2 involvement
  3. System 2 is dependent upon system 1 input, so controlled responses im system 2 are also influenced by system 1
  4. System 2 processes can have reciprocal effect on the contents of system 1
23
Q

Cases of problem gambling (Dual system)

3 failures

A
  1. Overriding system 1 processes: difficulty to inhibit automatic responses
  2. Incomplete system 1 outputs: problem gamblers tended to have difficulties indentifying and describing their emotions
  3. Missing mental software: problem gamblers held errounous beliefs abozt prob. And relative risks in gambling
24
Q

Robinson and Berridge (1993)

A

Drug wanting= unconscious urge not related to get pleasure or a drug (drug liking). It activates the reward system and WANTING the drug

25
Q

Tiffanys craving model

A

Dependence is a form of automatic behavior

Continued drug use over time leads to development of automatic drug-use representations

Behaviour –> Habitual

26
Q

Craving has 2 components

A

Automatic craving=unconscious, drug representations, schemata

Controlled craving= intense feeling of wanting and needing something, negative emotional reactions

27
Q

Attentional bias

A

People tend to notice and pay attention zo the things that matter to them

Weinstein and Cox: attentional bias increases motivation to seek out and use drugs/alcohol and drug use behavior

28
Q

Franken’s model of drug craving and addictive behavior

A

Perception of drug related stimuli leafd to increased dopaminergic activity in reward pathway of dependent users (driver of attentional bias)

29
Q

Routes of administration

A 
Oral
Injection= vein(intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), slightly under skin (subcutaneous)
Inhalation
Application to skin
Through muscous membranes
30
Q

Routes from fast to slow

A

Intravenous
Inhalation
Mucous membranes
Oral

31
Q

Factors affecting drug movement

A

Lipid solubility (fats) -> alcohol is highly lipid soluble so cellular membranes are easily passed

Degree of Ionization

Drug molecule size

Concentration differences

32
Q

Individual variability on drug concentration

A

Age
Gender
Health status
Genetics

Woman= higher volume of fat and lower volume of water ( higher blood alcohol concentrations)

33
Q

Reward pathway

A

Passes through limbic region
Begins in VTA
Moves through nuccleus accumbens
Ends in PFC

34
Q

Monoamines

A

Neurotransmitters that operate within the brain structures associated with cognition, emotions and behavior

Dopamine, Serotonin and Noradrenalin

35
Q

Half life

A

Amount of time it taked to eliminate half of the drug which tells us about the time it will take to eliminate the drug, hoe long we will feel the effects of the drug and the time interval that we will need to tske tge drug again to avoid withdrawal symptoms

36
Q

Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior

A

Curvillinear development og motivational behavior

Prefrontal regions show linear pattern of development

37
Q

Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior

A

Curvillinear development og motivational behavior

Prefrontal regions show linear pattern of development

38
Q

Triadic model

A

Approach system= ventral striatum

Avoidance system= amygdala

Regulatory system= prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Phenotypic characterization of adolescence

A

Not being able to resist temptation

Higher vulnerability to risk taking due to combi of higher inclinations to seek excitement and relatively immature capacities for self control

40
Q

Integrated model of craving and addiction

A

Explains craving and relapse by psychological mechanism of attentional bias and provides neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms for this bias

Conditioned drug -> increase in dopaminr in corticostriatsl circuit (anterior gyrus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens) –> draws subjects attention to drug stimulus

41
Q

Homeostatic dysregulation theory

A

Craving is seen as need to establish new homeostasis after drug withdrawal

42
Q

Attention
Definition
2 categories

A

Mechanism by which salient stimuli are inventoried by an organism and is automatically directed toward cues that predict reward or punishment

  1. Voluntary: active, directed, top-down, controlled
  2. Involuntary: reactive, passive, bottom-up, automatic
43
Q

Attentional bias and craving

A

Attentional bias can elicit craving and relapse and the other way around!

44
Q

Contribution of attentional bias to addictive behavior

A
  1. Maintenance of addictive behaviors: may be the result of an enhanced liklehood to detect and become aware of drug cues in environment
    - this automatic selection process is responsible for the fact that drug cues are signalled more easily
  2. Once a drug is detected it is automatically processed and its difficult to draw attention away from this cue
  3. Because of the limited capacity of attention the automatic focusing on drug related cues would result in a subsequent failure in the processing of competitive cues

Addiction WEEK 2 (1 decks)

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