addiction & SUDs Flashcards
psychoactive substances
substances that affect mental functioning of the brain
substance use
indicates that one has used a substance, any number of times, in any capacity
substance abuse
improper use of drugs; suggest excessive, irresponsible & / or self-damaging use of psychoactive & / or addictive drugs
addiction
any physiological or psychological over-dependence of an organism on drugs
dependence
term used to replace ‘addiction’/’habituation’; draws on psychological / physical dimensions of compulsive drug use
term widens range of substances considered to have dependence potential but aren’t necessarily related to physical impacts of use (cocaine, tobacco, cannabis)
DSM-5 substance use disorder definition
a pathological pattern of behaviours related to use of a substance; characterised by cognitive, behavioural & physiological symptoms indicating continued use of substance despite significant substance related problems
IDC-11 definition: disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviours
mental & behavioural disorders that develop as a result of the use of predominantly psychoactive substances, including medications or specific repetitive rewarding & reinforcing behaviours
main categories of drugs (5)
opiates, other depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis
categories of drug composition (3)
naturally occurring, semi-synthetic (chemical manipulation of substances extracted from natural materials), synthetic (created entirely by laboratory manipulation)
DSM-5 classes of substances
alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics & anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, any other / unknown substances; gambling
Class A drugs in the UK
heroin, LSD, ecstasy, amphetamines prepared for injection, cocaine, crack cocaine, mushrooms
Class B drugs in the UK
amphetamines, methamphetamine, barbiturates, codeine
Class C drugs in the UK
cannabis, temazepam, anabolic steroids, Valium, ketamine, methlyphenidate (Ritalin), y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
disorders within DSM-5 category of substance-related & addictive disorders
substance use disorders, substance-induced disorders, other substance / medication-induced mental disorders: intoxication, withdrawal, psychotic disorders, bipolar & related disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, etc.
disorders within ICD-11 category of disorders due to addictive substance use or addictive behaviours
disorders to use of [substance x]; disorders due to addictive behaviours: gambling disorder, gaming disorder
DSM-5 groups of symptoms under substance use disorder
impaired control, social impairment, risky use of the substance, pharmacological criteria
DSM-5 SUD impaired control symptom group
(1) indvdl. may take substance in larger amounts or over longer periods of time than originally intended
(2) may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use, & report efforts to decrease or discontinue use
(3) may spend considerable amount of time obtaining, using, & recovering from substance effects
(4) in more severe SUDs, virtually all individual’s daily activities revolve around substance
(5) craving / intense desire / urge for substance; sometimes triggered by context
DSM-5 SUD social impairment symptom group
(1) recurrent substance use may result in failure to fulfil major obligations at work, school, or home
(2) continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the substance’s effect
(3) important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up/reduced due to substance use
DSM-5 SUD risky use of the substance symptom group
(1) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
(2) indvdl. may continue substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance
DSM-5 SUD pharmacological criteria symptom group
(1) tolerance: requiring a markedly increased dose of substance to achieve the desired effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed
(2) withdrawal: syndrome which occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline when in an indvdl. who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance (varies depending on substance)
DSM-5 severity levels for SUDs & associated numbers of symptoms
mild: 2-3 symptoms
moderate: 4-5 symptoms
severe: 6+ symptoms
comorbidity w/ SUDs
any psychiatric disorder can be found alongside substance use as a cause, effect, or correlate
conditions commonly associated w/ SUDs
ADHD, depression & anxiety, psychosis, bipolar disorders, & PTSD
other types of addictions (non-substance)
gambling, sex, internet, compulsive overeating, exercise, compulsive buying disorder
moral model of addictions
indvdl. is held responsible for both acquiring & solving the problem
medical model of addictions
indvdl. is held responsible neither for the aetiology nor the solution
enlightenment model of addictions
indvdl. is held responsible for development of the addiction but is incapable of changing w/o the help of a ‘higher power’, ex: AA 12-steo
compensatory model of addictions
indvdl. is not held responsible for aetiology, but change is considered a personal responsibility
biopsychosocial model of addictions
addictions have multiple determinants & are caused by interactions of factors, not by linear causality
