addiction & SUDs

Question 1

psychoactive substances

Answer 1

substances that affect mental functioning of the brain

Question 2

substance use

Answer 2

indicates that one has used a substance, any number of times, in any capacity

Question 3

substance abuse

Answer 3

improper use of drugs; suggest excessive, irresponsible & / or self-damaging use of psychoactive & / or addictive drugs

Question 4

addiction

Answer 4

any physiological or psychological over-dependence of an organism on drugs

Question 5

dependence

Answer 5

term used to replace ‘addiction’/’habituation’; draws on psychological / physical dimensions of compulsive drug use

term widens range of substances considered to have dependence potential but aren’t necessarily related to physical impacts of use (cocaine, tobacco, cannabis)

Question 6

DSM-5 substance use disorder definition

Answer 6

a pathological pattern of behaviours related to use of a substance; characterised by cognitive, behavioural & physiological symptoms indicating continued use of substance despite significant substance related problems

Question 7

IDC-11 definition: disorders due to substance use or addictive behaviours

Answer 7

mental & behavioural disorders that develop as a result of the use of predominantly psychoactive substances, including medications or specific repetitive rewarding & reinforcing behaviours

Question 8

main categories of drugs (5)

Answer 8

opiates, other depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, cannabis

Question 9

categories of drug composition (3)

Answer 9

naturally occurring, semi-synthetic (chemical manipulation of substances extracted from natural materials), synthetic (created entirely by laboratory manipulation)

Question 10

DSM-5 classes of substances

Answer 10

alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics & anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, any other / unknown substances; gambling

Question 11

Class A drugs in the UK

Answer 11

heroin, LSD, ecstasy, amphetamines prepared for injection, cocaine, crack cocaine, mushrooms

Question 12

Class B drugs in the UK

Answer 12

amphetamines, methamphetamine, barbiturates, codeine

Question 13

Class C drugs in the UK

Answer 13

cannabis, temazepam, anabolic steroids, Valium, ketamine, methlyphenidate (Ritalin), y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

Question 14

disorders within DSM-5 category of substance-related & addictive disorders

Answer 14

substance use disorders, substance-induced disorders, other substance / medication-induced mental disorders: intoxication, withdrawal, psychotic disorders, bipolar & related disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, etc.

Question 15

disorders within ICD-11 category of disorders due to addictive substance use or addictive behaviours

Answer 15

disorders to use of [substance x]; disorders due to addictive behaviours: gambling disorder, gaming disorder

Question 16

DSM-5 groups of symptoms under substance use disorder

Answer 16

impaired control, social impairment, risky use of the substance, pharmacological criteria

Question 17

DSM-5 SUD impaired control symptom group

Answer 17

(1) indvdl. may take substance in larger amounts or over longer periods of time than originally intended
(2) may express a persistent desire to cut down or regulate substance use, & report efforts to decrease or discontinue use
(3) may spend considerable amount of time obtaining, using, & recovering from substance effects
(4) in more severe SUDs, virtually all individual’s daily activities revolve around substance
(5) craving / intense desire / urge for substance; sometimes triggered by context

Question 18

DSM-5 SUD social impairment symptom group

Answer 18

(1) recurrent substance use may result in failure to fulfil major obligations at work, school, or home
(2) continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the substance’s effect
(3) important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up/reduced due to substance use

Question 19

DSM-5 SUD risky use of the substance symptom group

Answer 19

(1) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
(2) indvdl. may continue substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance

Question 20

DSM-5 SUD pharmacological criteria symptom group

Answer 20

(1) tolerance: requiring a markedly increased dose of substance to achieve the desired effect or a markedly reduced effect when the usual dose is consumed
(2) withdrawal: syndrome which occurs when blood or tissue concentrations of a substance decline when in an indvdl. who had maintained prolonged heavy use of the substance (varies depending on substance)

Question 21

DSM-5 severity levels for SUDs & associated numbers of symptoms

Answer 21

mild: 2-3 symptoms
moderate: 4-5 symptoms
severe: 6+ symptoms

Question 22

comorbidity w/ SUDs

Answer 22

any psychiatric disorder can be found alongside substance use as a cause, effect, or correlate

Question 23

conditions commonly associated w/ SUDs

Answer 23

ADHD, depression & anxiety, psychosis, bipolar disorders, & PTSD

Question 24

other types of addictions (non-substance)

Answer 24

gambling, sex, internet, compulsive overeating, exercise, compulsive buying disorder

Question 25

moral model of addictions

Answer 25

indvdl. is held responsible for both acquiring & solving the problem

Question 26

medical model of addictions

Answer 26

indvdl. is held responsible neither for the aetiology nor the solution

Question 27

enlightenment model of addictions

Answer 27

indvdl. is held responsible for development of the addiction but is incapable of changing w/o the help of a ‘higher power’, ex: AA 12-steo

Question 28

compensatory model of addictions

Answer 28

indvdl. is not held responsible for aetiology, but change is considered a personal responsibility

Question 29

biopsychosocial model of addictions

Answer 29

addictions have multiple determinants & are caused by interactions of factors, not by linear causality