Addiction Over The Lifespan

Question 1

Moral-Legal Perspective

Answer 1

Primarily viewpoint of politicians, law enforcement and the criminal justice system. The main focus is to keep specific drugs way from people by reducing the availability of drugs.

Question 2

Medical-Public Health Perspective

Answer 2

-held by physicians, nurses and health field. Alcohol and drug use is a public health problem. Treatment focuses on the physical damage related to alcohol/drug use or abuse and dependence.

Question 3

Psychological Perspective

Answer 3

-this viewpoint is shared by a variety of agencies that specialize in addressing the demand side of alcohol/drugs. The focus on recovery, intervention, early intervention with adolescents and prevention services for all ages. The goals are to prevent, intervene and treat alcohol/drug problems.

Question 4

Social-Cultural Perspective

Answer 4

-held by ,most social agencies and institutions. Main goal is to adapt the environment to meet the individual’s needs. The belief is alcohol/drug use is due to frustration and hopelessness of people’s lives.

Question 5

Four primary drives

Answer 5

-hunger, thirst, sex and our desire to alter our consciousness.

Question 6

Early models of alcoholism

Answer 6

-labeled alcohols as weake or unable to control their consumption of alcohol.
-argued alcoholics used alcohol to block memories of unpleasant, traumatic personal experiences.

Question 7

Tension-reduction theory

Answer 7

-focus on relief from stress as primary reason to use substances.
-homeostasis or balance. Use to balance out stress, anxiety, emotional tension or conflict

Question 8

Petrie (three basic classifications in dealing with stimuli)

Answer 8

1. Stimulus reducers-perceive and react to a stimulus as if that stimulus were less than it is
2. Stimulus moderators- perceive and react to the stimulus as it is
3. Stimulus augmented- perceive and react as if the stimulus were more than it is.

Question 9

Gitlow defined alcoholism

Answer 9

-as a biochemical defect.
- easily agitated by stimuli. Becomes uncomfortable and uses alcohol for its sedating effect.

Question 10

Hypothesis of trauma and substance use disorders

Answer 10

1. Self-medicating to numb out or escape unpleasant feelings associated with trauma.
2. Substance use and abuse can contribute to the development of ptsd. ,asking people more susceptible for trauma

Question 11

Criteria of alcoholism

Answer 11

1. Has a known etiology
2. Symptoms get worse over time
3. Has known outcomes

Question 12

12 step approach

Answer 12

-based on the disease model
-described as an informal biopsychosocial spiritual model.
-assumes alcoholics/addicts are predisposed to addiction by genetics

Question 13

Genetic influence disease model

Answer 13

-does not emphasize genes or specific disorders but instead multiple biological risk factors interacting with psychosocial environmental factors
-addiction is influenced by interpersonal relationships

Question 14

Devor model of alcoholism

Answer 14

-developmental-genetic model of alcoholism
-treatment for alcoholism would be individually designed and fine-tuned to consider both pharmacological and behavioural therapies.

Question 15

Adoption studies

Answer 15

1. Adopted sons of alcoholic biological parents are 4 times more likely to become alcoholics.
2. Sons of alcoholic biological parents are more likely to be classified as alcoholics at a earlier age
3. Daughters of alcoholic fathers, exhibit a high incidence of somatic anxiety and frequent physical complaints.

Question 16

Cloninger’s three-dimensional model of personality

Answer 16

1.harm avoidant- cautious, apprehensive, fatiguable and inhibited
2. Reward dependent- ambitious, sympathetic, warm, industrious, sentimental , persistent and moody.
3. Novelty seeking- impulsive, excitable, exploratory, quick-tempered, fickle and extravagant.

Question 17

Personality disorders and substance abuse

Answer 17

-strongest relationship is narcissism and borderline personality disorder is the second highest

Question 18

Self-medication motive

Answer 18

Purposeful attempt by user to numb painful affective states and manage psychological problems and disorders.

Question 19

Five major factors in adolescent abuse of drugs

Answer 19

P-pressure
E-escape
A-availability
C-curiousity
E. Emptiness

Question 20

Poor self-concept

Answer 20

Sense of self= emerging talents and skills, can accomplish things, can be trusted and be trusted.

Question 21

Social learning theory

Answer 21

Socially acquired, learned behaviour pattern, maintained by cues, cognitive factors, operant conditioning, modelling influences and the interaction of behavioural and genetic mechanisms.

Question 22

Sociocultural model (Bales)

Answer 22

1. Degree to which a culture causes acute needs for adjustment of inner tension in its members
2. The attitudes towards drinking that the culture produces in its members
   The degree to which the culture provides substitute means of satisfaction.