addiction key terms

Question 1

addiction

Answer 1

taking a substance or engaging in a behaviour that is pleasurable but becomes compulsive with harmful consequences

Question 2

physical dependency

Answer 2

an addict needs to engage in the behaviours to feel biologically ‘normal’, without the will experience withdrawal symptoms such as shaking or vomiting

Question 3

psychological dependence

Answer 3

addict needs to engage in behaviour to feel psychologically ‘normal’, without cannot cope with everyday life. leads to psychological withdrawal such as anxiety

Question 4

tolerance

Answer 4

brain adapts to maintain homeostasis, more drug is needed to get same response

Question 5

withdrawal syndrome

Answer 5

a collection of withdrawal symptoms

Question 6

initiation

Answer 6

starting of addiction

Question 7

maintenance

Answer 7

continuing addiction

Question 8

relapse

Answer 8

quitting and going back

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

maintaining a constant environment for body to work most effectively at

Question 10

genetic vulnerability

Answer 10

born predisposition for behaviour due to genetics e.g. less active dopamine receptors (D2)

Question 11

D2 receptors

Answer 11

receptor in brain for dopamine linked movement, attention, sleep, memory, learning

Question 12

dopamine

Answer 12

mood neurotransmitter, high levels linked to mild euphoric feeling

Question 13

self medication model

Answer 13

addiction used to help cope with stressful experience

Question 14

anti social personality disorder

Answer 14

personality linked with addiction, characterised by impulsive attitudes and engaging in rule breaking activity

Question 15

social identity theory

Answer 15

you identify with people who have similar qualities to your own - ingroup and outgroup

Question 16

nicotine

Answer 16

addictive substance in cigarettes

Question 17

down regulation

Answer 17

receptors int he brain are activated by a substance and can no longer be triggered

Question 18

nicotine acetylcholine receptor

Answer 18

receptors in brain triggered by nicotine

Question 19

upregulated

Answer 19

receptors in brain are empty and sensitive the effects of the neurotransmitter can cause withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety and agitation

Question 20

nucleus accumbens

Answer 20

reward system in brain that is activated by downregulation leading to release of dopamine

Question 21

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 21

learning through the reinforcement of others

Question 22

partial reinforcement

Answer 22

behaviour is only reinforced some of the time

Question 23

variable reinforcement

Answer 23

type of partial reinforcement, the behaviour is reinforced unpredictably

Question 24

extinction

Answer 24

the behavour (addiction) has stopped

Question 25

expectancy theory

Answer 25

believing in short term benefits of behaviour outweigh the long term cons

Question 26

cognitive bias

Answer 26

distortions in the way we think resulting in irrational judgements and poor decision making

Question 27

gamblers fallacy

Answer 27

belief that random events are are influenced by recent events

Question 28

self efficiancy

Answer 28

belief about control you have over your own behaviour

Question 29

agonist drugs

Answer 29

NRT - bind to receptor sites to give similar response to the drug itself

Question 30

antagonist drugs

Answer 30

naltrexone - blocks the usual response that the addiction that would give so addict doesn’t get satisfaction

Question 31

aversion therapy

Answer 31

counter conditions by getting addict to associate their addiction with negative consequences

Question 32

covert sensitisation

Answer 32

imagining negative consequences

Question 33

CBT

Answer 33

challenges cognitive distortions with evidence and provides personalised skills training to help cope in real world situations

Question 34

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 34

three key factors motivate your intentions to change and intentions lead to behaviour change, personal attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural change