Addiction Flashcards
1
Q
Name the classes of addictive drugs
A
- Psychomimetics
- Psychostimulants
- Anxiolytics
- Opiate analgesics
- CNS depressants
2
Q
List examples of opiate analgesics
A
- Morphine
- Heroin
3
Q
List examples of psychostimulants
A
- Cocaine
- Amphetamine
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
- MDMA (Ecstasy)
4
Q
List examples of psychotomimetics
A
- LSD
- Cannabis
5
Q
List examples of anxiolytics
A
- Benzodiazepines
- Positive allosteric modulator of GABAA
- e.g. Diazepam
- Barbiturates
- Positive allosteric modulator of GABAA
- GABAA = inotropic
- Block AMPA receptors
- Positive allosteric modulator of GABAA
- No longer common
6
Q
List an example of CNS depressant
A
- Ethanol
7
Q
Morphine
A
Opiate analgesic
8
Q
Heroin
A
Opiate analgesic
9
Q
Cocaine
A
Psychostimulant
10
Q
Amphetamine
A
Psychostimulant
11
Q
Nicotine
A
Psychostimulant
12
Q
Caffeine
A
Psychostimulant
13
Q
MDMA (Ecstasy)
A
Psychostimulant
14
Q
LSD
A
Psychotomimetic
15
Q
Cannabis
A
Psychotomimetic
16
Q
Benzodiazepines
A
Anxiolytic
17
Q
Barbiturates
A
Anxiolytic
18
Q
Ethanol
A
CNS depressant
19
Q
Explain the mechanism of action of cannabinoids
A
-
CB1 receptor
- Gi gated
20
Q
Explain the mechanism of action of LSD
A
- 5-HT 2 agonist
- Gq
- Increasing cellular levels of IP3 and DAG
21
Q
Explain the mechanism of cocaine
A
- Inhibts following channels:
- Dopamine transport (DAT)
- Neuroepinephrine transporter (NET),
- Serotonin transporter (SERT)
-
Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
- Transports as dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine into vesicle
22
Q
What factors influence the dependence liability of a drug?
A
- Dose
- Frequency
- Route of administration
23
Q
Explain the mesolimbic pathway
A
- Dopaminergic neurons project axons from their cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain to:
-
Nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the ventral striatum
- mediates the selection of goal orientated behaviour
- Prefrontal cortex / orbito-frontal cortex
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
-
Nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the ventral striatum
24
Q
Explain the nigrostriatal pathway
A
- Runs from the substantia nigra of the midbrain to the dorsal striatum
- Dorsal striatum contains the caudate nucleus and putamen
25
Amygdala
* Activity is related to memory consolidation for emotionally arousing events
* Involved in assigning a reward value to stimuli and in the conditioning of fear to novel stimuli
26
Anterior cingulate
* Implicated in human disorders of emotion and attention
* Involved in emotional self-control, focussed problem solving, error detection and performance monitoring
27
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
* Involved in the autonomic and behavioural reactions to fearful stimuli including stress
* Involved in reinstatement of cocaine seeking after foot shock in rats
28
Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex
* Crucial for the control and regulation of cognitive activities, including the planning and selection of goals
29
Hippocampus
* Episodic memory
30
Orbitofrontal cortex
* Modulates the reinforcement value of stimuli
* Assess and decodes the likely value or behavioural relevance of available choices and actions
* Lateral OFC is associated with the suppression of previously rewarded responses and required for changes in behaviour
* Associated with impulsivity and decision making
