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DBB > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What sort of reasons do people take drugs for?

A

positive effects induced
negative effects alleviated
drinking to enhance vs. drinking to cope

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2
Q

What is the disease model of addiction?

A

addicts are victims of a chronic brain disease that leads to difficulty stopping

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3
Q

What is the failure of choice/morals model of addiction?

A

addicts are people who choose drugs over other experiences because they are weak/selfish

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4
Q

How do set and setting relate to addiction?

A

set; personal characteristics of the addict

setting; environment of drug use

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5
Q

How is addiction define?

A

chronic relapsing disorder

compulsive drug-using behaviour

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6
Q

What assumptions underlie the neuroplasticity theory?

A

the habit-forming or rewarding effects of drugs are due to their effects on endogenous transmitter systems that normally play a role in the behaviour by natural rewards

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7
Q

What is a positive reinforcer?

A

behaviour is increased so as to increase the presence of a desirable stimulus

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8
Q

What is a negative reinforcer?

A

behaviour is increased so as to remove the presence of an aversive stimulus

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9
Q

How can drugs act as negative reinforcers?

A

drugs serve to increase the probability of further drug seeking and drug-seeking because of their ability to alleviate aversive internal states

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10
Q

What is a natural negative reinforcer?

A

food; food promotes food seeking and eating because it alleviates hunger

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11
Q

What is drive theory?

A

likelihood of response = habit strength (conditioning) x drive strength (deprivation)

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12
Q

How developed drive theory?

A

clark hull

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13
Q

What is the formula for drive theory?

A

sEr = sHr x D

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14
Q

What is the self-medication hypothesis of addiction?

A

drugs are used to self-medicate pre-existing conditions of pain or anxiety (comorbidity)

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15
Q

What is the physical dependence hypothesis?

A

development of tolerance and physical dependence mean drug use is maintained in order to avoid the unpleasant consequences associated with withdrawal

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16
Q

What is the stress syndrome reduction theory?

A

chronic drug use leads to compensatory homeostatic changes resulting in tolerance, these changes mean withdrawal so drug use is maintained to prevents aversive symptoms

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17
Q

What is not explained by negative reinforcement theories?

A

relapse after transient withdrawal ends as drugs are no longer required to prevent aversive symptoms

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18
Q

What is the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction?

A

withdrawal produces aversive state
drug use rapidly reduces withdrawal
withdrawal is conditional through Pav conditioning to internal and external cues
conditioned and unconditioned withdrawal act to stimulate drug seeking

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19
Q

What behaviours does the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction explain?

A

long term relapse; mini conditioned withdrawal in the presence of drug associated cues
can apply to any drug of abuse

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20
Q

What behaviours does the conditioned withdrawal model of addiction not explain?

A

not the maintenance of drug use before dependence
not all drug cues elicit withdrawal; not cocaine
no good explanation of conditioned withdrawal effects

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21
Q

What evidence is there for the protective role of environment in addiction?

A

heroin overdose is achieved at a lower dose in a novel environment than the home environment

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22
Q

What evidence is there for conditioned withdrawal?

A

monkeys who SA morphine increase their consumption significantly following a conditioned withdrawal stimulus (presentation of opioid antagonist)

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23
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

a process where the effect of an action serves to diminish or terminate that action

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24
Q

What is the conditioned opponent process model of addiction?

A

drug triggers positive state
state triggers a secondary process via negative feedback to establish homeostasis
repeated use increases secondary process
secondary process results in anhedonia and unpleasant feeling
drug associated cues trigger small positive state but large secondary negative state

25
Q

Who developed the conditioned opponent process model?

A

Koob and LeMoal

26
Q

What is the allostasis model of addiction?

A

the homeostatic system undergoes counteradaptation when exposed to drugs
this counteradaptation lowers the allostatic set point creating a chronic state of dysphoria

27
Q

What do negative models of reinforcement not explain?

A

drugs vary in the amount of withdrawal they produce
cues associated with opiates produce drug-opposite effects, but not other drugs
opiate addicts deny feeling conditioned withdrawal
poor correlation between craving and conditioned withdrawal
experiencing the drug makes you crave more
withdrawal symptoms are transient - long term relapse?

28
Q

What induces craving?

A

the drug itself not the absence of drug
morphine administration prompts renewed responding
naltrexone discourages responding

29
Q

What symptoms do drug associated cues induce?

A

conditioned withdrawal - opiates

drug-like experiences - cocaine

30
Q

Are physical dependence and tolerance sufficient/necessary for addiction?

A

they do not explain long-term relapse after a long period of abstinence once withdrawal has ended

31
Q

What is the anhedonia model?

A

drugs are a positive reinforcer as they produce a state of pleasure - drug seeking drive comes from motivation to achieve pleasure

32
Q

What does the anhedonia model not explain?

A

why drugs are taken in the absence of pleasure

33
Q

What is the proposed mechanism of the anhedonia model?

A

hedonic effects of drugs are mediated by dopamine

34
Q

What is the major pathway in drug pleasure?

A

VTA-accumbens dopamine system

35
Q

What evidence is there for the anhedonia model?

A

most potentially addictive drugs increase dopamine transmission
the extent of high correlates with dopamine release in the striatum

36
Q

What is the problem with the anhedonia model?

A

there is essentially no evidence that the addiction potential of the drug is linked to the euphorogenic power of that drug mediated by dopamine
DA antagonists do not inhibit amphetamine-induced euphoria
DA is released during aversive events
DA activity is dissociable from pleasurable effects

37
Q

Does dopamine mediate pleasure?

A

DA is not necessary for rats to make hedonic judgments
DA stimulation does not increase pleasurable effects but increases feeding
DA neurons discharge at the earliest anticipation of reward not during consumption

38
Q

What is the incentive sensitisation theory?

A

sensitisation of the brain rewards systems renders addicts increasingly susceptible to the ability of drugs and cues to promote drug seeking and trigger relapse

39
Q

What is neural sensitisation?

A

brain regions are hypersensitive to the rewarding effects of drugs

40
Q

What is behavioural sensitisation?

A

sensitisation of the brain systems produces progressively greater behavioural responses to drugs and drug-associated cues

41
Q

How long can psychomotor sensitisation last?

A

can persist for up to one year after last exposure; amphetamine experienced animals show a much greater behavioural response to amphetamine than naive animals

42
Q

Is sensitisation observed in humans?

A

yes; using small doses

43
Q

Provide an example of the physiological changes leading to sensitisation?

A

chronic exposure to alcohol leads to cirrhosis of the liver, reducing the livers ability to metabolise alcohol so more reaches the brain

44
Q

What factors can affect psychomotor sensitisation?

A

intermitted injections, continuous administration leads to tolerance
individual and gender variations
environmental conditions

45
Q

How can gender influence sensitisation?

A

females rats show greater sensitisation with and without oestrogen than males with and without testosterone

46
Q

How can cues conditioned to reward influence behaviour?

A

informing about reward availability
eliciting approach to cue and reward
conditioned reinforcement
inducing relapse

47
Q

What is sensitisation of conditioned reinforcement?

A

reward cues can induce sensitised behavioural response

48
Q

What are the effects of the sensitisation of drug reward?

A

facilitate acquisition of drug self-administration
facilitate acquisition of CPP
increase the breakpoint in a progressive ratio

49
Q

How does impulsivity relate to addiction?

A

alcoholics and methamphetamine users are far more likely to consistently choose earlier rewards even though they earn less in total

50
Q

What is the iowa gambling task?

A

decision-making regarding short-term small rewards or long-term large rewards

51
Q

How does frontal activity influence the iowa gambling task?

A

frontal lesions and drug addiction impair decision making; persistence of short-term small reward selection in spite of obvious failure and irrespective of reward amount or length of delay

52
Q

How does alcohol affect the structure of the brain?

A

reduced cortical grey matter volume in alcoholics

53
Q

What affect does polysubstance use have on the brain?

A

smaller prefrontal volume

54
Q

How does drug use affect frontal function?

A

reduced OFC function in abusers compared to those in protracted withdrawal
cue-induced cocaine craving activates the ACC and OFC

55
Q

How is impulsivity related to addiction?

A

stimulant dependent individuals and their healthy siblings show a lower level of response inhibition - pre-existing trait

56
Q

What is the 5-CSRTT?

A

5 choice serial reaction time task

57
Q

What does the 5-CSRTT measure?

A

correct, incorrect or premature behaviours

58
Q

How does the 5-CRSTT relate to frontal function?

A

OFC lesions result in increased compulsive behaviours and increased drug consumption

59
Q

What is the prefrontal model of addiction?

A

decreased impulse control > increased likelihood of drug intake > increased drug intake > drug-induced structural and functional changes in PFC > decreased impulse control

DBB (6 decks)

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