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Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for maintenance of smoking

A

SLC6A3-9
Maintaining dopamine levels
Nicotine regulation model - changes in the brain functions avoid withdrawal symptoms

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2
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for smoking in relapse

A

Genetics
Tolerance - greater withdrawal
Physical dependency

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3
Q

Describe the learning explanation for smoking in relation to initiation

A

CC- association with social environments
OC- peer pressure (neg reinforcement)
SLT

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4
Q

Describe learning theory - smoking - maintenance

A

OC- rewarded stress relief approval from friends
Neg reinforced
SLT around smokers
CC - pos feeling and stress relief

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5
Q

Smoking relapse learning theory

A

Neg reinforcement -withdrawal symptoms
SLT- pressure to return
Cue reactivity paradigm - triggers

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6
Q

Cognitive smoking initiation

A

Expectations -stress reduction , attractive,weight loss
Coping attention focus
Concentration
Self efficacy

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7
Q

Relapse cognitive smoking

A

Expectancies
Coping
self efficacy

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8
Q

Evaluation initiation smoking biological

A

SR-Pergardia et al (heritability factor in the exp on nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Calvert smoker shown strong activation of brain known as ventral striatum and nucleus accoumbus

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9
Q

Maintenance smoking biological - eval

A

TS- Alt exp

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10
Q

Relapse bio smoking eval

A

PA - therapies

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11
Q

Describe the genetic explanation for initiation of smoking.

A

Genetics less likely SLC63-9
Dopamine
Smoking stimulates the D system in the Mesolimbic brain area. Feeling of pleasure
Inherit more sensitive Mesolimbic pathway

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12
Q

Learning - initiation smoking eval

A

Too simplistic- alt exp

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13
Q

learning smoking eval maintenance

A

practical app - treatment

contingency management

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14
Q

relapse learning smoking

eval

A

SR- goldberg et al
monkeys pressed lever to receive nicotine at similar rate to cocaine
NIDA 90% of US smokers started in adolescence

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15
Q

cognitive - initiation eval

A

ST - alt exp

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16
Q

cognitive - maintenance - eval

A

PA- CBT

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17
Q

cog relapse eval

A

heishman - concentration

brandon and baker - bordem

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18
Q

gambling - bio - initiation

A

genetic DA21 - increase sensitivity to dopamine - more likely to gamble
positive reward theory - anticipation- adrenaline
dopamine - increase psych levels create pleasure

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19
Q

maintenance and relapse - gambling - bio

A

biological withdrawal genetics and dopamine

areas of the brain associated with control of behaviour may be dysfunctional

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20
Q

learning - initiation gambling -

A

CC- conditioned response
OC
SLT- role models

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21
Q

learning maintenance gambling

A

CC Association
partial reinforcement
OC

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22
Q

learning relapse - gambling

A

neg reinforcements - OC

cue reactivity paradigm

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23
Q

gambling - cognitve

A 
coping - stress 
expectancies - 
self efficacy 
distorted thoughts and beliefs 
withdrawal
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24
Q

Bio - eval gambling

A 
TS- ALT exp
prac apps 
SR- bennet and wris 
genes 
DA21 
 clark et al - brain activity - associated with dopamine
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25
Q

learning - eval gambling

A

ethicsl issues - paul - 20% teenage gamblers contemplate suicide - consent issues
too simplistic - ignores alt
SR

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26
Q

cognitive - eval gambiling

A

ethical issues -
SR - Griffiths
TS - ignores alt exp

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27
Q

risk factors

A

personality
age
stress
peers

28
Q

risk factors addiction personality

A

extroversion
psychotic ism
neurotic ism

29
Q

vulnerability- personality

researchers

A

chien et al - ghetto adolescents addicts
low self esteem
pessamistic outlook
gossop and eysenck- personality quiz 221 addicts 310 non addicts
difference in neurotic-ism relating to depression and anxiety

30
Q

personality - vulnerability eval

A

SR
TS other factors
environment
cause and effect

31
Q

stress risk factors exp

A

coping mechanism

brain activity - same area of brain during stress activated during drug craving

32
Q

research stress vulnerability

A

kosten -

cleck and blendy

33
Q

describe the research of cleck and blendy

A

stress related disorders
eg depression and anxiety
exp chronic stressfull life events like sexual abuse increased use of cocaine activity

34
Q

describe the research of kosten et al

A

neonate rats - isolation 2-9th

greater tendency to to cocaine than rats who didn’t suffer from isolation

35
Q

age - exp vulnerability

A

correlation between early addictive behaviour and reduced probability of abstaining
more likely to relapse
peers and role models

36
Q

vunerability age researchers

A

shram

fidler

37
Q

describe the research of fidler

A

5863 adolescents
11-16 yrs saliva samples
nicotine levels
x2 more likely to be regular at 14 than those who smoked at 11yrs

38
Q

describe the research of shram

A

adults greater neg effects

adolescents- greater positive

39
Q

eval addiction age

A

SR
PRAC APPS - PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIONS
TARGETING SPECIFIC GROUPS
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

40
Q

Peers vunerability exp

A

thrill seeking
increasing vulnerability
peer pressure
OC association

41
Q

researchers peers vulnerability

A

Thombs

sussman and ames

42
Q

describe the research of Thombs

A

questionnaire 2213 high school and college
alcohol linked to social context
demonstrating strength of peer group influence

43
Q

Describe the research of sussman and ames

A

friend and peer use of drugs as a strong predictor of drug use among teens

44
Q

peers vulnerability eval

A

cause and effect
TS - alt exp
SR

45
Q

media influences - positive

A 
signoielli - tv - neg smoking stance 
x9 1964 than 1982 #
friend and levy - media well funded mass campaign 
reduced smoking rates
online gambling
46
Q

media influences - negative

A 
young quick to pick up messages 
perceived leniency 
tobacco ads banned in 1971 
 but show till 1990
product placement 
 tv ads national lottery
47
Q

eval media influence

A

SR

Research is corralitional

48
Q

biological intervention addiction

A

agonist substituation - nicotine replacement therapies- gum etc
desensitise Nicotine receptors for withdrawal symptoms
antagonist - block - burproprion - anti depressant
increases d levels and noradrenaline
blocking nicotine receptors

49
Q

researchers for bio intervention for addiction

A

warren et al
davison et al
watts et al

50
Q

describe the bio research for intervention - warren

A

methadone - heroin
9000 prisoners take vs not
how many days a year
15.24 days vs 99.96

51
Q

bio research intervention Davison

A

12 months absence rates from smoking
28% patches
18% placebo patches

52
Q

bio research intervention - watts

A

burproprion - successfull treatment

53
Q

bio intervention eval

A

difficulty assessing effectiveness?
replace not cure
side effects- impotence confusion

54
Q

name the 2 psychological interventions for addiction

A

CBT

AVERSION THERAPY

55
Q

describe CBT

A

relapse prevention - self control
pos vs negs of relapse
spot craving and situation risk

56
Q

describe aversion therapy

A

CC emetic drug
meyers and chesser - 50% of alcoholics abstain for a least 1 year following therapy
motivated individuals

57
Q

research into psychological intervention - addiction

A

feeney
project match
carroll et al

58
Q

describe the research of feeney

A

absentance rates alcoholics
14% CBT
38% CBT and meds

59
Q

describe the research of project match

A

alcoholics
3 types psychogrid therapy
no diff in effectivness
patient had diff needs/therapies

60
Q

describe the research of carroll

A 
12 weeks study 
1 CBT
2- non specific form of psychotherapy 
both reduced depression 
 CBT more effective
61
Q

eval psychological intervention addiction

A

SR
Effectiveness depends on severity of symptoms
most effective when combined with meds

62
Q

describe public health interventions for addiction

A 
smoking ban 2007 
tax - ban on display 
semple et al - 39 non smokers before and after scottish ban found 75% fall in cotinine by product of nicotine #
irish office of tobacco control - 2004 
26% to 23% in 6yrs
63
Q

eval for public health intervention

A

too complex

difficult to assess effectiveness

64
Q

describe the theory of planned behaviour

A

attitude - personal beliefs ( hammond - graphic canadian cig warning labels 616 smoker 1/3 smoked less )
self efficacy ( goodie - chronic gamblers were over confident in their card compared to non)
subjective norm - social pressure ( fitchenberg and glantz - work place reduction of smoking 3.8 less cigs a day)

65
Q

eval points of addiction theory of planned behaviour

A

assumes rational thinking
supporting research
practical apps - campaign ideas

Psychology (8 decks)

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