Addiction Flashcards
Describe the genetic explanation for maintenance of smoking
SLC6A3-9
Maintaining dopamine levels
Nicotine regulation model - changes in the brain functions avoid withdrawal symptoms
Describe the genetic explanation for smoking in relapse
Genetics
Tolerance - greater withdrawal
Physical dependency
Describe the learning explanation for smoking in relation to initiation
CC- association with social environments
OC- peer pressure (neg reinforcement)
SLT
Describe learning theory - smoking - maintenance
OC- rewarded stress relief approval from friends
Neg reinforced
SLT around smokers
CC - pos feeling and stress relief
Smoking relapse learning theory
Neg reinforcement -withdrawal symptoms
SLT- pressure to return
Cue reactivity paradigm - triggers
Cognitive smoking initiation
Expectations -stress reduction , attractive,weight loss
Coping attention focus
Concentration
Self efficacy
Relapse cognitive smoking
Expectancies
Coping
self efficacy
Evaluation initiation smoking biological
SR-Pergardia et al (heritability factor in the exp on nicotine withdrawal symptoms
Calvert smoker shown strong activation of brain known as ventral striatum and nucleus accoumbus
Maintenance smoking biological - eval
TS- Alt exp
Relapse bio smoking eval
PA - therapies
Describe the genetic explanation for initiation of smoking.
Genetics less likely SLC63-9
Dopamine
Smoking stimulates the D system in the Mesolimbic brain area. Feeling of pleasure
Inherit more sensitive Mesolimbic pathway
Learning - initiation smoking eval
Too simplistic- alt exp
learning smoking eval maintenance
practical app - treatment
contingency management
relapse learning smoking
eval
SR- goldberg et al
monkeys pressed lever to receive nicotine at similar rate to cocaine
NIDA 90% of US smokers started in adolescence
cognitive - initiation eval
ST - alt exp
cognitive - maintenance - eval
PA- CBT
cog relapse eval
heishman - concentration
brandon and baker - bordem
gambling - bio - initiation
genetic DA21 - increase sensitivity to dopamine - more likely to gamble
positive reward theory - anticipation- adrenaline
dopamine - increase psych levels create pleasure
maintenance and relapse - gambling - bio
biological withdrawal genetics and dopamine
areas of the brain associated with control of behaviour may be dysfunctional
learning - initiation gambling -
CC- conditioned response
OC
SLT- role models
learning maintenance gambling
CC Association
partial reinforcement
OC
learning relapse - gambling
neg reinforcements - OC
cue reactivity paradigm
gambling - cognitve
coping - stress expectancies - self efficacy distorted thoughts and beliefs withdrawal
Bio - eval gambling
TS- ALT exp prac apps SR- bennet and wris genes DA21 clark et al - brain activity - associated with dopamine
learning - eval gambling
ethicsl issues - paul - 20% teenage gamblers contemplate suicide - consent issues
too simplistic - ignores alt
SR
cognitive - eval gambiling
ethical issues -
SR - Griffiths
TS - ignores alt exp
risk factors
personality
age
stress
peers
risk factors addiction personality
extroversion
psychotic ism
neurotic ism
vulnerability- personality
researchers
chien et al - ghetto adolescents addicts
low self esteem
pessamistic outlook
gossop and eysenck- personality quiz 221 addicts 310 non addicts
difference in neurotic-ism relating to depression and anxiety
personality - vulnerability eval
SR
TS other factors
environment
cause and effect
stress risk factors exp
coping mechanism
brain activity - same area of brain during stress activated during drug craving
research stress vulnerability
kosten -
cleck and blendy
describe the research of cleck and blendy
stress related disorders
eg depression and anxiety
exp chronic stressfull life events like sexual abuse increased use of cocaine activity
describe the research of kosten et al
neonate rats - isolation 2-9th
greater tendency to to cocaine than rats who didn’t suffer from isolation
age - exp vulnerability
correlation between early addictive behaviour and reduced probability of abstaining
more likely to relapse
peers and role models
vunerability age researchers
shram
fidler
describe the research of fidler
5863 adolescents
11-16 yrs saliva samples
nicotine levels
x2 more likely to be regular at 14 than those who smoked at 11yrs
describe the research of shram
adults greater neg effects
adolescents- greater positive
eval addiction age
SR
PRAC APPS - PUBLIC HEALTH INITIATIONS
TARGETING SPECIFIC GROUPS
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
Peers vunerability exp
thrill seeking
increasing vulnerability
peer pressure
OC association
researchers peers vulnerability
Thombs
sussman and ames
describe the research of Thombs
questionnaire 2213 high school and college
alcohol linked to social context
demonstrating strength of peer group influence
Describe the research of sussman and ames
friend and peer use of drugs as a strong predictor of drug use among teens
peers vulnerability eval
cause and effect
TS - alt exp
SR
media influences - positive
signoielli - tv - neg smoking stance x9 1964 than 1982 # friend and levy - media well funded mass campaign reduced smoking rates online gambling
media influences - negative
young quick to pick up messages perceived leniency tobacco ads banned in 1971 but show till 1990 product placement tv ads national lottery
eval media influence
SR
Research is corralitional
biological intervention addiction
agonist substituation - nicotine replacement therapies- gum etc
desensitise Nicotine receptors for withdrawal symptoms
antagonist - block - burproprion - anti depressant
increases d levels and noradrenaline
blocking nicotine receptors
researchers for bio intervention for addiction
warren et al
davison et al
watts et al
describe the bio research for intervention - warren
methadone - heroin
9000 prisoners take vs not
how many days a year
15.24 days vs 99.96
bio research intervention Davison
12 months absence rates from smoking
28% patches
18% placebo patches
bio research intervention - watts
burproprion - successfull treatment
bio intervention eval
difficulty assessing effectiveness?
replace not cure
side effects- impotence confusion
name the 2 psychological interventions for addiction
CBT
AVERSION THERAPY
describe CBT
relapse prevention - self control
pos vs negs of relapse
spot craving and situation risk
describe aversion therapy
CC emetic drug
meyers and chesser - 50% of alcoholics abstain for a least 1 year following therapy
motivated individuals
research into psychological intervention - addiction
feeney
project match
carroll et al
describe the research of feeney
absentance rates alcoholics
14% CBT
38% CBT and meds
describe the research of project match
alcoholics
3 types psychogrid therapy
no diff in effectivness
patient had diff needs/therapies
describe the research of carroll
12 weeks study 1 CBT 2- non specific form of psychotherapy both reduced depression CBT more effective
eval psychological intervention addiction
SR
Effectiveness depends on severity of symptoms
most effective when combined with meds
describe public health interventions for addiction
smoking ban 2007 tax - ban on display semple et al - 39 non smokers before and after scottish ban found 75% fall in cotinine by product of nicotine # irish office of tobacco control - 2004 26% to 23% in 6yrs
eval for public health intervention
too complex
difficult to assess effectiveness
describe the theory of planned behaviour
attitude - personal beliefs ( hammond - graphic canadian cig warning labels 616 smoker 1/3 smoked less )
self efficacy ( goodie - chronic gamblers were over confident in their card compared to non)
subjective norm - social pressure ( fitchenberg and glantz - work place reduction of smoking 3.8 less cigs a day)
eval points of addiction theory of planned behaviour
assumes rational thinking
supporting research
practical apps - campaign ideas
