Addiction Flashcards
Views of Addiction
1)Disease model(vulnerability in one’s physiology)
2)Moral model(substance related disorder due to personal choices or personal failing)
3)Coping response model(initially an attempt to reduce an aversive state)
Substance use disorders: problem indicators
Impairment of control,Social impairment,Risky use,Pharmacological dependence
Impairment of control
~taking substance more than they want or longer period of time
~Multiple efforts that are unsuccessful to cut down of substance
~Strong craving of substance
~Spending lot of time in pursuit of substance
Or recovering effects of the substance
Social impairment
~Fail at major role obligation(school,work,home)
~Difficulty in social relationship(social conflict), but continues to use it
~Stops spending time on activities they used to enjoy, instead spends more time using the substance
Risky use
Using substance in places where its hazardous(drinking driving, using machinery)
Substance causes physical problems(stomach issues) or psychological problems(low mood)
Pharmacological dependence
Tolerance(needing a lot more of the substance to have same effects)
Withdrawal(negative physical or psychological effects when person cuts down or stops after prolonged heavy use)
Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs
(LSD,mescaline,psilocybin,pcp,shrooms, MDMA)
Visual,auditory hallucinations
Causes distortion of time
Flashbacks,psychotic reactions
Panicking
Rare case:persistent psychosis
Low dose: Can make person feel confused
High does:dangerous change to heart rate,breathing, body temp, blood pressure
Cannabis(marijuana,THC)
~Low dose: Physical experiences
Can aid in lost of appetite, or to prevent nausea
~Memory impairment, thoughts can get fragmented
~Large dose:
Emotional lability(rapid shifting in mood)
Hallucination or extreme panic
Long term:
Lung function issues
amotivational(lack of motivation)
Nicotine(cigs,e-cig,chewing tobacco, pipes)(stimulant)
Effects reward centers in brain
Harmful for lungs and stomach, reproductive problems, stroke, kidneys
Small doses
Alertness,boost mood
Large dose
Toxic
Dependency develops quickly, difficult drug to quit
As difficult as heroin to quit
Stimulants(speed,crystal meth, cocaine,diet pills,ritalin,mdma)
Small dose:
Induce physical vigor.energy
Reduce fatigue
Lead to weight loss
Help person to focus attention
High dose:
Panic,hallucinations, delusions
Amphetamine/toxic induced psychosis
Paranoia
Extreme fatigue(crash)
Effects of cocaine wear off rapidly
Increased blood pressure
Euphoric
Not interested in eating
Large dose: insomnia, paranoia
Rapid development of tolerance and dependency
Sedatives(Barbiturates, benzodiazepines,sleeping pills, tranquilizers)
Used for anxiety
Can be addictive if misused
Low dose
Relaxing, help with anxiety
High dose
Same effects of alcohol
Impaired judgment,concentration, slurred speech
Neurotransmitter involved: GABA
Opioids(Heroin,morphine,opium, methadone,codeine,fentanyl)
Low dose:
~Effective pain killer
~induce drowsiness, Dreaminess
~Physically uncoordinated
~Right after, warm rush of ecstasy
Downside: extremely severe withdrawal effects
Worst ~flu:diarrhea,sweating,fever,chills, muscle pain, muscle twitching that lasts for days
~Homicide and suicide accidents,overdose
Drug toxicity is the leading cause of death for people 19-39
More overdose that cause death than covid 19 deaths
Most overdoses happen in private homes
Opioid Dependence
Challenges
~Viewed as a legal problem rather than a medical problem
~Limits healthcare providers to treat it medically
~Detox is just the first step
~The person still wants the drugs
~Persons life is in shambles
Motivation:
~Usually dont start motivated
~Hard to maintain
~Usually start become something bad happens
Harm reduction
Purpose is to decrease the adverse health, social,and economic consequences of substance use without requiring abstinence
Insite supervised consumption site
Medically supervised safe injection facility
Service users receive
Clean equipment for drug use (needles,water,cookers) to reduce spread of infectious diseases and bacteria
Drug checking services
Fentanyl testing
Timely overdose response from trained providers
Clinical care (wound management,vaccines)
Connections to addiction services, healthcare, and community supports
Insite outcomes
Reduction in public injecting (open air drug use)
Lower levels of HIV risk behaviors
Increased uptake in addiction treatment among insite clients
No evidence of:
Negative impacts on the surrounding community
Increase in injection drug use(relapse among former users)
Opioid agonists alleviate withdrawal symptoms
Methadone,buprenorphine(common agonist)
~Heroine is an opioid agonist
Opioid antagonists(help with the appeal of opioids)
block the effects of opioids
Naltrexone,naloxone
Suboxone(buprenorphine and naloxone)
Social variables
Cultural attitudes/use patterns
Availability of substance
Family variables
peer/social
Psychological variablesof drinking behavior
Perceived benefits outweigh costs
Sensation or novelty seeking
Biological variables of alcoholism
Genetic diathesis
Problem drinking in families
Stronger in males than females
What is inherited?
~Ability to tolerate/metabolize alcohol
~Motivation for substance use
~Stronger evidence genetic transmission
~Insensitivity to intoxication
~People who swayed less were not as affected by intoxication
Reinforcing effects of the substance
Alcohol dependence leads to neural adaptations for a emotional negative state, that alcohol might relieve
Short-term effects of alcohol
~Stimulating then depressant action
~Interference with complex thought and motor coordination
~Interacts with several neural systems
* Stimulates gaba receptors
* Increases serotonin and dopamine
* Inhibits glutamate receptors
* May be responsible for cognitive deficits, slurred speech and memory loss
* Effects strongly tied to expectations
what affects Blood alcohol levels
Amount ingested in a particular period of time
Food in stomach
Body size and composition
The more water the more efficient its able to pass through the body(unrelated to metabolism)
Efficiency of metabolism
Sex
Females weigh less
Females have less water in body and more fat
Better at passing through alcohol
Age
Goes down with age
Older people have less water in body
Alcohol passes through less efficiently
Long terms effects of heavy alcohol use
- Malnutrition
1. B vitamin deficiency=memory loss
Cognitive impairment
Cirrhosis of liver(Damage to liver) - Cardiovascular problems: heart failure, hypertension, stroke, capillary hemorrhages
- Reduced immune functioning
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
1. Intellectual disability and slowed growth of fetus, behavioral problems later in life
