Adaptive Physical Education Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the top-down teaching method?
This teaching method is used to teach task-specific skills. Teachers can use content analysis to determine what the student does not know, and teach them those skills. The older, and more high functioning the student is, the more effective this method is.
What is the bottom-up teaching method?
Teachers try to determine the lowest level of motor function and fix that problem before moving onto the next motor problem. The younger the student, the faster the gains.
Functional Skills
skills needed to be able to move from one place to another
Example of functional skills
walking, running, crawling, jumping, sliding, galloping, skipping, leaping
Sport Skills
skills used to perform a certain way in an organized game
Example of sports skills
kicking, throwing, dribbling, striking, bouncing
Motor Development Model
Explains how a person develops their motor skills throughout their lifetime
First Stage of Motor Development Model
Basic Neurological Building Blocks:
Primitive reflexes:
For example, symmetrical tonic neck reflex
Equilibrium reflexes:
For example, labyrinthine and optical righting
Vestibular system:
Impacts balance
Kinesthetic system:
Assists with the judgment of rate, amount, and amplitude of motion
Helps with the determination of where our body is in space and the amount of force required for movement
Visual system:
Depth perception is critical for success in physical education
Tactile system:
Tactile sensitivity or lack of sensitivity impacts object discrimination
Auditory system:
Impacts tracking, following directions, and balance
Second Stage of Motor Development Model
PERCEPTUAL MOTOR INTEGRATION
Balance:
Maintain equilibrium in static (still) or dynamic (moving) states
Laterality:
Awareness of the difference between the two sides of the body
Directionality:
The perception of direction in space
Body image:
Feelings about the body
Spatial awareness:
The ability to perceive the position of objects in space as they relate to the body
Ocular motor control:
Includes fixation (focusing), convergence/divergence (tracking and focusing near and far), and visual tracking (following with eyes in all directions)
Cross-lateral integration:
Coordinate and use both sides of the body
Third Stage of Motor Development Model
PHYSICAL FITNESS INTEGRATION
Strength:
Ability to contract a muscle against resistance
Flexibility:
Range of motion possible at any given joint
Muscular endurance:
Continuous contraction of a muscle against resistance
Cardiovascular endurance:
Ability of the heart and vessels to process and transport oxygen from the lungs to muscle cells for use
Fourth Stage of Motor Development Model
Motor Fitness
Agility, power, speed, and coordination
Incidental learning
learning when a person leads by accident. Learning was not a conscious goal but simply a by-product of some other activity.
Planned Learning
holistic nature of a child’s learning is any activity that provides knowledge or skills or changes attitudes. It is purposefully designed and presented as a learning event to contribute to developing learning outcomes.
Identify and explain programmed physical education instruction.
Programmed instruction is an instructional strategy to promote students’ abilities to direct their learning. When it comes to physical education, students learn incidentally or planned. When it comes to students with disabilities, they may have a more difficult time teaching naturally through experience with their environment or incidentally. Instead, the physical education teacher might need to program the specific needs of the individual learners into the instruction. This way, all students can grow in their motor skills and learning through class instruction and the rest of the class.
What is content analysis?
Content Analysis is a process of breaking down the teaching content by a teacher for effective planning and transaction. Content Analysis can also quantify the occurrence of certain words, phrases, subjects, or concepts in a teaching unit. An example of this would be a teacher analyzing the lesson plan they made to see how they can make it more effective and stop repeating the same themes.
What is generalization?
The generalization of motor skill and sports performance from instructional to community environments, when accommodations and opportunities are provided for persons with disabilities to interact in the community of persons without disabilities.
Inclusion
a philosophy in which “all individuals can participate in physical activities that enable them to be motorically, cognitively, and effectively successful within a community that embraces diversity.
LRE
Defined as the setting that enables an individual with disabilities to function to the fullest of his or her ability
What is the difference between Inclusion and LRE?
The difference between Inclusion and Least Restrictive environment is that LRE has steps for placing a child within the classrooms at different levels of their ability. Inclusion allows all students, regardless of their knowledge, to be within the school to create more diversity.
the nine instructional variables that can be modified to accommodate a learner with a disability in the LRE.
Accessibility
Curriculum
Program Participation
Support personnel
Teaching style
Management behavior
Grading
Assessment
Equipment
How can learning empathy be an important part of inclusion?
Having empathy or being empathetic allows oneself to truly put their own thoughts, feelings, position and image aside and relate to others around them. Through this, they are genuinely able to show kindness, interest and well-being for others on a deeper level that translates to the other person as a connection.
the four fundamental assumptions about behavior management.
Learned behaviors, specific to the environment, behaviors can be changed/modified, behavior change goals planned/systemic
Individual Behavior Management Techniques
Planned ignoring
Signal interference
Proximity control
Interest boosting
Use of humor
Hurdle lesson
Restructure
Use of routines
Appeal to values
Removal of seductive objects
Group Behavior Management Techniques
Be positive.
Use enthusiasm.
Practice positive prevention.
What is contingency contracting?
is an agreement between a student and teacher which states behavioral or academic goals for the student and reinforcers or rewards that the student will receive contingent upon achievement of these goals.
What circumstances permit a school to suspend or expel a student with a disability?
If they brought weapons, drugs, or seriously hurt themselves or others
