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MEDI 203 - Body Defence > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two kinds of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive

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2
Q

What is the kind of cell that sees the pathogens first?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

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3
Q

If a a bacterial infection is present then which cells are the first ones to appear?

A

Neutrophils

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4
Q

In what case are natural killer cells and lymphocytes the first ones to appear?

A

Viral infections

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5
Q

What are the cellular components of adaptive immunity?

A

T-cells and B-cells

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6
Q

What kind of immunity do T-cells provide?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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7
Q

Which kind of cells provide humoral immunity?

A

B-cells

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8
Q

What receptors do B-cells have?

A

B-cell receptors which activate immunity

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9
Q

What receptors do T-cells have?

A

T-cell receptors to detect antigens

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10
Q

Where are T-cells and B-cells developed?

A

T-cells; thymus
B-cells; bone marrow

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11
Q

What kind of receptors do monocytes have?

A

CD44

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12
Q

What happens when CD44 receptors get engaged?

A

They get engaged when they come in contact with the antigen, causes receptors to enlarge and change the structure and function of the monocyte developing it to a macrophage.

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13
Q

Where are B-cells and T-cells most commonly found?

A

The lymph-nodes

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14
Q

Where are the receptors of a phagosome?

A

Intracellularly

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15
Q

Why is the swelling response of inflammation beneficial?

A

Leakage fluid accumulates in the lymph nodes through the lymphatic system, that also allows dendritic cells to move towards the lymph-nodes too.

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16
Q

Why is it important that an infection does not escape from the lymph-nodes to the circulatory system?

A

If it is in the blood-stream it will have access to all tissues and organs.

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17
Q

What are antigens?

A

Any substance that can trigger the immune system of the body

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18
Q

What are examples of pathogenic-antigens?

A

Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.

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19
Q

What are self-antigens?

A

The individual’s own proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids that can act as antigens in other people

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20
Q

What happens if an antigen is too small, what is considered too small?

A

A molecular weight less than 10000 Da
It will not trigger a response unless attached to a carrier

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21
Q

What are small antigens known as?

A

Haptens

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22
Q

What are examples of haptens?

A

Cosmetics, hair dyes, animal dander, chemicals

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23
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

The ability to generate an immune response

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24
Q

What is antigenicity?

A

The ability to attach to an antigen, may or may not cause an immune response

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25
Q

Which immunogens are antigenic?

A

All immunogens are antigenic but not all antigenic substances cause an immune response

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26
Q

What are mature T-lymphocytes and where are they found?

A

They are T-cells that have undergone the process of maturation, they are not in cells, they are either in the circulation or the lymph nodes.

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27
Q

After how many days would there be an increase in lymphocytes if an infection is present?

A

7 days

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28
Q

What are mature-naive lymphocytes?

A

They are B and T cells that have gone through the whole maturation process but they are yet to be exposed to the pathogen.

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29
Q

Where do the lymphocytes destined to become T-cells go?

A

They migrate through the blood to the thymus and develop immunocompetence there

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30
Q

Where do B-cells develop immunocompetence?

A

In the red bone marrow

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31
Q

Which kind of lymphocytes leave the thymus and bone marrow?

A

Immunocompetent but still naive lymphocytes

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32
Q

Where do lymphocytes encounter their antigen and become activated?

A

The lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues

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33
Q

When do lymphocytes mature?

A

When they come in contact with their antigen

34
Q

What do mature immunocompetent lymphocytes do?

A

They circulate continuously in the bloodstream and lymph and through-out the lymphoid organs of the body.

35
Q

What are the factors influencing antigen strength?

A

Molecular type
Deviation from self
Size
Heterogeneity
Capacity to be broken down

36
Q
A
37
Q

What is the molecular type order from the most antigenic to the least?

A

Proteins, CHO, Lipids, DNA/RNA

37
Q

How does deviation from self affect antigenicity?

A
38
Q

How does size affect antigenicity?

A

The greater the weight, the greater the chance it activates an immune response

39
Q

What are antigen epitopes or determinants?

A

Small regions that allow for specific recognition of antigen, where antigens attach

39
Q

What are the two categories under heterogeneity that can affect antigenicity?

A

Structure
Composition

39
Q

What is the B-cell receptor made up of?

A

The antibody associated with lgβ and lgα chains

39
Q

What are the light chains linked with?

A

Disulphide bond

39
Q

Why do the chains at the end of the BCR require proteins?

A

To transport to the nucleus, cannot do it themselves because they are too small

40
Q

What are the different examples of antigens?

A

Microbes
Non-microbes
Lipids
Hapten

41
Q

What are microbe antigens?

A

Capsules,
Cell walls,
Toxins,
Viral capsids,
Flagella

42
Q

What are non-microbe antigens?

A

Pollen
Egg white
Red blood cell surface molecules
Serum proteins
Surface molecules from transplanted tissue

42
Q

What are lipid antigens?

A

Lipids and nucleic acids are mainly antigenic when combined with proteins or polysaccharides

43
Q

What are hapten antigens?

A

Small foreign molecules that are NOT antigenic, must be coupled to a carrier molecule t be antigenic.

44
Q

When will the hapten be recognised?

A

Once antibodies are formed

45
Q

Why does immunogenicity increase based on the number of epitopes?

A

More epitopes, more antigens able to attach

46
Q

Which kind of epitope is recognised immediately because of its straights sequence?

A

Linear epitope

47
Q

What is a cryptic epitope?

A

It can only be reached once phagocytosis is done and the protein has denatured

48
Q

What do B-cells recognize? How?

A

Free soluble antigen in the blood or lymph by their receptors

49
Q

What are B-cell receptors?

A

Membrane-bound immunoglobulins

50
Q

What are the two possible processes after cell proliferation?

A

Clone of plasma cells
Clone of memory cells

51
Q

Do small amounts of a virus elicit an immune response?

A

No, not a lot of antigens so no immune response

52
Q

What is the process of B-cells?

A

Each B-cell has different antigen receptors (one antigen per receptor)

In the presence of cytokines, this B-cell is stimulated to divide (clonal expansion)

It will divide into plasma cells or memory B-cells

53
Q

Where do the cytokines come from?

A

T-cells

54
Q

Why do plasma cells have no receptors?

A

Their main purpose is to identify the antibody then die off

55
Q

What is the main function of plasma cells?

A

To secrete antibodies

56
Q

How is adaptive immunity mediated?

A

Through antibodies or immunoglobulins

57
Q

What are the five major classes of antibodies?

A

IgM
IgA
IgG
IgE
IgD

58
Q

What is the function of the antibodies?

A

To recognise and bind corresponding antigen

59
Q

What is the structure of the antibody?

A

There are 2 N-termini and 1 C-termini
There are 2 identical heavy and light chains in the N-termini
The C-termini chains have two carbohydrates attached
Everything is linked by disulphide bonds

60
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

Polypeptides with variable and constant regions

61
Q

What are the variable regions?

A

Involved in antigen recognition & binding

62
Q

What are the constant regions?

A

Interact with immune system components

63
Q

What protein is involved in the proteolytic cleavage of the IgG?

A

Papain, which forms three structures

64
Q

What does papain produce?

A

The two Fab and one Fc segments

65
Q

What happens after the protein-protein interaction (antigen-antibody)?

A

Changes the structure and conformation of the Fc fragment which exposes the binding site and allows Fc to bind to antibody

66
Q

What determines the Ab type?

A

H-chain constant region

67
Q

What are the heavy chain isotopes?

A

γ heavy chain
μ heavy chain
δ heavy chain
α heavy chain
ε heavy chain

68
Q

What are the subtypes of γ heavy chain?

A

IgG1 to IgG4

69
Q

What are the subtypes of the α heavy chain?

A

IgA1 and IgA2

70
Q

Where does the variable segment of the H chain lie in antibody synthesis?

A

Upstream of the constant region of the H chain

71
Q

When does transcription take place?

A

A point before the Cγ3

72
Q

What happens to the RNA during antibody synthesis?

A

Spliced in 2 ways
m-RNA for μ heavy chain

73
Q

What happens to the m-RNA for μ heavy chain?

A

IgM or δ-heavy chain

74
Q

What does δ-heavy chain become?

A

IgD

75
Q

What does polyadenylation splicing produce?

A

IgM or IgD

MEDI 203 - Body Defence (6 decks)

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