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MBIO 1010 > Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What does it mean when the adaptive immune system is acquired?

A

An adaptive response will not occur until a pathogen is encountered for the very first time.

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2
Q

What does it mean when the adaptive immune system is specific?

A

It is targeted to a specific feature of a bacterium, virus, toxin. Immunity to one pathogen will not confer immunity to another.

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3
Q

What is the memory component of the adaptive immune system?

A

Produces a more effective response when a pathogen is encountered for the second time-faster and stronger

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4
Q

What are the two components of the immune system?

A
  1. Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity
  2. Cell mediated immunity
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5
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Glycosylated proteins produced by the immune system that bind and inactivate foreign antigen.

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6
Q

What is an immunogen?

A

Any foreign material that has the ability to activate the adaptive immune system (protein, polysaccharide, lipid material)

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7
Q

Epitopes

A

Portion of ANTIGEN that binds to the antibody that increases the ability of an antigen to activate the immune system and requires a distinct antibody

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8
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

Increasing the ability of an antigen to activate the immune system

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9
Q

Whats the difference between immunogens and antigens?

A

All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens.

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9
Q

What is a hapten?

A

Non-immunogenic low molecular weight compound that is too small to activate adaptive immunity. It can bind to other molecules such as protein in blood and tissues which becomes strongly immunogenic.

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10
Q

What are the subunits for antibodies (Ab)/ immunoglobulin (Ig)?

A
  • 2 identical heavy chains
  • 2 identical light chains
  • assembled creating the 2 Fab region and 1 Fc region.
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11
Q

What is the difference between the Fab region and the Fc region in an antibody?

A

Fab regions: variable; provide specificity of the antibody

Fc region: constant; allows for interaction with immune cells based on differences in the Fc region; 5 types.

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12
Q

What is immunoglobulin M? Where is it found? What can it do?

A

Pentameric molecule (5 antibody units) that acts as the primary antibody response (first to be produced). It is found on the surface of B lymphocytes and remains in the blood, unable to enter tissues. Binds to antigen weakly, but is very good at agglutination.

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13
Q

What is immunoglobulin G (IgG)?

A

Monomer that is most predominate antibody in the blood, also present in the tissues. Binds to the antigen very strongly.

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14
Q

What is Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

A

Dimer secreted at mucosal sites (saliva, tears, mucous) and is an important defense against respiratory, reproductive, and digestive tract infections.

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15
Q

What is immunoglobulin D (IgD)?

A

Monomer located on the surface of B cells that activates B cells to begin producing antibody against a specific antigen.

16
Q

What is Immunoglobulin E (IgE)?

A

Monomer whose Fc region binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Binding of IgE-antigen complex triggers degranulation and histamine release.

17
Q

What are the 5 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. neutralizatoin
  2. opsonization
  3. Agglutination
  4. Antibody mediated cytotoxicity
  5. complement activation
18
Q

What does antibody neutralization work?

A

Antibodies bind to antigen blocking attachment sites, preventing bacteria, virus ad toxin entry into tissues and host cells

19
Q

How does antibody opsonization work?

A

Antibodies coat the surface of the bacterial cell and attract phagocytes. Greatly enhances the rate of phagocytosis as phagocytes have the ability to interact with the Fc region.

20
Q

How does antibody agglutination work?

A

Each class of antibody can bind to a minimum of 2 identical antigen units to allow phagocytosis to occur more efficiently

21
Q

How does antibody mediated cytotoxicity work?

A

Attachment of antibody to parasites recruits eosinophils to attach to Fc component and release reactive oxygen species and. hydrolytic enzymes to destroy the parasite.

22
Q

How does antibody complement activation work?

A

complement (series of proteins in blood) can be activated by antibody that is bound to a bacterial cell and creates a cascade of immune responses when activated (such as Membrane Attack Complex)

23
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

A

Activated complement proteins form a pore in a bacterial cell, allowing the contents of the cell to leak.

24
Q

What is an antigen presenting cell?

A

A group of immune cells that are capable of inserting MHC II into the plasma membrane for processing, and presenting antigens for recognition by T cells to initiate the adaptive cellular immune responses. Includes macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells.

25
Q

Why are antibodies produced?

A

To neutralize/opsonize antigens outside the cell in the surrounding extra cellular fluid (exogenous antigens)

26
Q

What are the steps of antibody production in the activation of antibody mediated immunity?

A
  1. B cell phagocytoses exogenous antigens. Digested content will not be exocytosed and will be complexed with MHC-II and inserted onto the membrane
  2. T helper cell binds to MHC-II antigen complex to get activated and releases cytokines that bind to receptors on the B cell to activate it and undergo proliferation.
  3. Newly produced B cells will become plasma cells (transcribe, translate, secrete identical antibodies specific to original exogenous antigen into extracellular fluid) or memory cells (used in subsequent encounters with the same antigen)
27
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary antibody response?

A

Primary: very first time antigen is encountered; slow production of low levels of antibody and results in production of memory B cells

secondary: every time after primary response the antigen is encountered; rapid production of high levels of antibody that the pathogen will not be able to establish infection

28
Q

What is tolerance?

A

Any immune cells found to recognize self-antigens are destroyed early on in development and prevents auto-immune disease

29
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A
  1. diseased host cell will display endogeneous antigen in the plasma membrane complexed with MHC I
  2. Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC I-antigen complex using T cell receptor
  3. Binding of receptor to MHC I-antigen complex triggers release of perforins and granzymes that cause death of infected host cell

MBIO 1010 (10 decks)

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