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Pathology and Immunology > Adaptive Immune system > Flashcards

Adaptive Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive Immune response?

A

The adaptive immune response consists of cell-mediated responses and antibody (humoral) responses

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2
Q

What cells drive cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-cells

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3
Q

describe B cells in terms of adaptive immune system

A

B cells produce antibodies and drive humoral immunity

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4
Q

What is meant by immunological memory?

A

Whereby pattern recognition receptors recognize any microbes, T cell and B cell receptors are specific for components of a certain pathogen (eg antigen)

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5
Q

When does the kinetics of adaptive immune system kick in?

A

> 4-7 days

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6
Q

What is the threshold level of antigen and why is it important?

A

the “amount” of a pathogen present to mediate an immune response
This is important as the immune system does not need to mediate adaptive immunity if only a small amount of antigen present – e.g., innate immunity can clear the threat without help of adaptive immunity

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7
Q

What are the three main receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell Receptor (TCR)
B cell Receptor (Immunoglobulins[Ig])
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC proteins)

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8
Q

T cells are derived from bone marrow however where do they mature?

A

Thymus

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9
Q

What do T-cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

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10
Q

What are the main types of Tcell receptors circulating?

A

alpha and beta chains
(beta and delta more uncommon-5%)

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11
Q

What two gene segment codes for the alpha chain?

A

V&J (variable and joining)

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12
Q

What three gene segment codes for Beta chain?

A

V,D, J (variable, diversity and joining)

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13
Q

What region has multiple antigen binding sites and can change shape (recombination)?

A

Variable region

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14
Q

What are the two types of selection when Tcells interact with thymic cortical epithelial cells?

A

Positive selection, negative selection

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15
Q

what is positive selection of T-cells?

A

No recognition = apoptosis

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16
Q

What is negative selection of T-cells?

A

Recognition of self antigen = apoptosis

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17
Q

What do all T cells start as?

A

Naive cells

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18
Q

What are the three signals required for activation and determining fate of T-cells?

A

1’ MHC-TCR interaction
2’ co-stimulatory molecules interactions (CD80/CD86 and CD40 on DC —- CD40L and CD28 on T cell)
3’ signal dictates what T helper cell the naïve cell become

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19
Q

What enzymes induce target cell apoptosis?

A

perforin and granzyme

20
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) do?

A

destroy infected host cells by inducing apoptosis

21
Q

What are B cells?

A

They produce antibodies and have a specific receptor for antigens

22
Q

clonal expansion of b-cells results in what two subsets?

A

plasma cells and memory b cells

23
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

24
Q

What are the three main receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

T cell Receptor
B cell receptor
major histocompatibility complex

25
Q

What are the five immunoglobulins produced by B cells?

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA

26
Q

What is a function of IgG?

A

most prominent antibody in body, resistance of most viruses- 4 subsets

27
Q

What is a function of IgE?

A

exposed on surface of basophils and mast cells

28
Q

What is a function of IgA?

A

found in glandular secretions- mucus, saliva and tears- 2 subsets

29
Q

What is a function of IgD?

A

found on surface of B cells and can bind to antigens in extracellular fluids
B cell receptor

30
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A

capable of binding to multiple antigens-blood

31
Q

What is the B cell receptor structure?

A

have varible and constant regions (like T)
have light and heavy chains

32
Q

An immature receptor is mainly what immunoglobulin?

A

IgM

33
Q

Describe B cell negative selection

A

Like the TCR there is great diversity in the B cell receptor repertoire.
Need to ensure that there is no reactivity against self antigens.
B cells undergo negative selection in bone marrow.
Macrophages will engulf and remove self-reacting B cells.

34
Q

What are the three main functions for antibodies in the human body?

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Initiation of complement

35
Q

What is meant by opsonization?

A

Opsonisation refers to coating of pathogens by antibodies or complement proteins
Phagocytosis
Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Mast cell degranulation

36
Q

in compliment iniitiation what is meant by the classical pathway?

A

antibody attached to microbe

37
Q

diversity of antibody specificity involves what?

A

gene re-arrangements during development

38
Q

What are the two types of B cell activation?

A

Thymus-dependent antigen
Thymus-independent antigen activation (no T cells)

39
Q

Activation of naive B cells results in rise of what?

A

plasma cells

40
Q

What is meant by affintiy?

A

= strength of binding of single antibody to antigen

41
Q

What is meant by avidity?

A

ability of antibodies to form complexes

42
Q

What role do B and T cells play in vaccinations?

A

Antigen exposure leads to immunological memory.
In the primary immune response IgM acts early but as B cells undergo class switching an IgG response follows.
Presence of memory T and B cells means that upon a second exposure the immune system can respond much faster.
In addition, we have cells that are primed to produce a more effective IgG (rather than IgM) response immediately

43
Q

what is immunological tolerance?

A

Sometimes the immune system can become dysfunctional and in a state of immune unresponsiveness to a particular antigen or set of antigens (immune tolerance).
allergies

44
Q

What signal determines the subset the cell differs into?

A

third

45
Q

What does breach of tolerance result in?

A

self antigens drives many autoimmune disease

Pathology and Immunology (6 decks)

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