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Biology - BY2 > Adaptions For transport (Mammals and insects) > Flashcards

Adaptions For transport (Mammals and insects) Flashcards

0
Q

What is a mass flow system?

A

This is the rapid movement of substances in solution in water through a system of tubes, powered by a pressure gradient created by muscle contraction in one or more hearts.

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1
Q

Why is it necessary for multicellular organisms to have an internal transport system (mass flow system)?

A

Because the rate if diffusion is far too slow to transport these substances from where they are absorbed/produced to where they are needed.

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2
Q

What is a closed blood system?

A

This means that the blood is always confined within blood vessels e.g earthworms and vertebrates.

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3
Q

What is an open blood system?

A

Open blood systems are found in Arthropods such as insects. In this case the blood is found in large cavities in the body called haemocoels rather than inside blood vessels.

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4
Q

What powers an insect (open) blood system?

A

In this case the blood system is powered by a single dorsal tubular heart.

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5
Q

What is the “blood” called in the insect mass flow system (open) and why?

A

The blood is referred to heamolymph because it does not carry oxygen (no heamaglobin present) or carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

What does heamolymph carry?

A

It carries the end products of digestion such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol together with hormones and proteins.

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7
Q

How does heamolymph circulate the body of an insect?

A

By circulating slowly between the chambers of the body and exchange of substances occurs by diffusion.

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8
Q

What are the functions of heamolymph?

A
  1. ) transport I.e substances move faster than diffusion because of the pumping heart.
  2. ) communication - The heamolymph transports insect hormones.
  3. ) defense the heamolymph contains phagocytes but no antibodies.
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of an open blood system?

A

The lack of flexibility in that blood cannot be directed to any particular part of the body. In addition damage to the exoskeleton can result in a rapid and fatal loss of blood (heamolymph)

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10
Q

What are the advantages of the of an open blood system?

A

All the cells are bathed directly in blood

The system requires much less energy than closed blood systems.

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11
Q

What are the two circulations in the double circulation system?

A

The pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation

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12
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart in double circulation?

A

Four; two ventricles separated by the septum and two atria.

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13
Q

What side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood and what side pumps oxygenated blood?

A

The right side of the heart (left side of diagram) is deoxygenated while the left hand side (right side of diagram) is oxygenated.

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14
Q

What are some of the types of blood vessel found in a closed circulation system?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins.

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15
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

These deliver oxygenated blood to the capillaries of the body as fast as possible and with minimal loss of pressure.

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16
Q

How are arteries adapted to hold in pressure?

A

By having a thick layer of collagen which is non-elastic plus a thick layer of muscle which contracts against the outward pressure.

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17
Q

Describe the blood flow through arteries?

A

Blood flow is rapid and pulsile.

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18
Q

Do arteries have valves?

A

No, Because pressure is so high.

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19
Q

Describe the structure of an artery.

A

It consists of three layers, a moderately thick tunica externa made of collagen within which is a thick tunica media made of muscle and a epithelial layer lining the lumen called the tunica intima.

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20
Q

What is the role of veins in a closed blood system?

A

These return deoxygenated blood to the heart under very low pressure.

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21
Q

Outline the adaptions of veins for their roles.

A

They have a large lumen to reduce friction between the blood and the wall. I.e this is why veins are generally larger than arteries. In addition the muscle layer is thin because it has less pressure to resist. Veins have pocket valves pointing in the direction of the heart to help prevent backflow.

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22
Q

Describe the structure of vein.

A

These consist of the same layers as those found in arteries, however they are not in the same proportions.

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23
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

These link arterioles to venuoles and are the site of exchange for materials between the blood and the tissues.

24
Q

Outline the structure of a capillary.

A

They are a tube consisting of a single layer of squamous epithelium.

25
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

They have very thin walls so that diffusion rate can be maximized.

They are also very numerous.

26
Q

Describe the blood flow in the capillaries.

A

The blood flow is slow and non-pulsile and blood volume is high I.e mot of the blood in our body is in capillaries.

27
Q

Where are pseudo hearts found in an earthworm?

A

They are found in pairs from segment 7 through to 11.

27
Q

Describe the structure of an amphibian heart.

A

This consists of two atria which eject blood into a single ventricle which in turn ejects blood into a common vessel which lies between atria.

29
Q

Describe the structure of a fish’s heart.

A

His consists of a single atrium which ejects blood into a single ventricle.

30
Q

What is the vessel that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body?

A

The vena cava (formed once the superior and inferior vena cava join).

31
Q

What is the artery that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the body?

A

The aorta.

32
Q

What are the vessels that take blood to and from the brain?

A

To - carotid artery. (Branches off the aorta.)

From - Jugular vein. (Branches off from superior vena cava)

33
Q

What are the vessels that take blood to and from the arms?

A

To - Subclavian artery (branches off aorta)

From - Subclavian vein (branches off the superior vena cava.)

34
Q

What are the blood vessels that take blood to and from the liver?

A

To - Hepatic artery (branches off aorta)

From - Hepatic vein (branches off inferior vena cava)

35
Q

What is the blood vessel that connects the liver to the gut?

A

The hepatic portal vein.

36
Q

What is the artery that takes blood to the gut?

A

The gastric artery.

37
Q

What are the vessels that take blood to and from the kidneys?

A

To - Renal artery (connects to the aorta)

From - Renal vein (connects to the inferior vena cava)

38
Q

What are the vessels that take blood to and from the legs?

A

To - Iliac artery (connects to the aorta)

From - Illiac Vein (connects to the inferior vena cava)

39
Q

What is the blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery.

40
Q

What is the blood vessel that takes oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart (left ventricle)?

A

The pulmonary vein.

41
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A 
Two atria (right and left).
Two ventricles (right and left).
42
Q

Where is the SAN (sinoatrial node) located?

A

In the walls of the right atrium.

43
Q

Where is the AV node (atrioventricular node)?

A

At the top of the septum, between the atria and ventricles.

44
Q

Where are the purkinje fibers found?

A

These are found running down the septum and along the exterior ventricular walls.

48
Q

What is the name of the membranes separating haemocoel chambers in an insecta open blood system?

A

They are called septum membranes.

49
Q

Describe the structure of an A.V valve.

A

These consist of either two cusps (bicuspid in left side of heart) or three cusps (tricuspid in right side of heart). The edge of these cusps are attached to chordineae tendinee which in turn attach to papillary muscles in the interior wall of the ventricles.

50
Q

How long does each cardiac cycle take?

A

About 0.8 seconds.

51
Q

What are the two parts of the cardiac cycle?

A

A contraction phase called systole and a relaxation stage called diastole. I
At any time in the cycle if the atria are contracting the ventricles are relaxing and vice-versa.

52
Q

What is the first step in the cardiac cycle?

A

The S.A.N in the right atrium contracts beginning atrial systole. This results in the contraction of both the right and left atria at almost the same moment.

53
Q

What is the second step in the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole results in pressure in the atria rising above pressure in the ventricles because the ventricles are currently in diastole (relaxing). This forces blood through the A.V valves causing the ventricles to fill with blood.

54
Q

What is the third step in the cardiac cycle?

A

He wave of contraction which began at the S.A.N is now carried rapidly to the ventricles through a system of parallel cardiac muscle fibers called Purkinje fibers. This results in ventricular systole causing the pressure in the ventricles to rise rapidly.

55
Q

What is the fourth step in the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular pressure is now higher than that in the aorta and the A.V valves close producing first and loudest sound of the cardiac cycle (lub). As a result of the rapid rise in ventricular pressure becomes greater than pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery causing the semilunar valves to open.

56
Q

What is the purpose of the tendons in the ventricles?

A

These prevent the A.V valves from inverting under pressure. (In ventricular systole).

57
Q

Where are the A.V valves found?

A

Between the atria and their respective ventricles.

58
Q

Describe the structure of the semilunar valves.

A

These consist of three cusps which form pockets facing the aorta and pulmonary artery. When blood falls back down these vessels at the end of systole the cusps fill with blood and close off the vessel.

59
Q

What is the fifth step in the cardiac cycle?

A

The ventricle walls continue to contract causing blood to leave the heart. I.e from the left ventricle into the aorta and from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. As a result, ventricular pressure rises more slowly. During ventricular systole the atria have relaxed (atrial diastole has occurred). This allows the atria to fill with deoxygenated blood on the right and oxygenated on the left.

60
Q

What is the sixth stage in the cardiac cycle?

A

The wave of relaxation which began at the S.A.N now passes down the purkinje fibers into the lower heart resulting in ventricular diastole. This results in the closure of the semi-lunar valves causing the second and quieter sound of heartbeat - dub.

Biology - BY2 (7 decks)

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