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Biology 11 > Adaption and Evolution > Flashcards

Adaption and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

a genetic carrier of information in cells that is found in all life on earth

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2
Q

what is DNA composed of?

A

repeating units called nucleotides

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3
Q

what does DNA consist of?

A

phosphate, deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base

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4
Q

what is deoxyribose?

A

sugar

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5
Q

what is the backbone of DNA made of?

A

sugar and phosphate

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6
Q

What are the 2 DNA base pairings?

A

(A-T) (C-G)

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7
Q

what are the DNA base pairings held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

DNA base pairing sequence provides…

A

genetic codes

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9
Q

segments of DNA make up a…

A

gene (instructions to make something)

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10
Q

genes allow cells to make…

A

certain proteins (eg. enzymes)

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11
Q

DNA shape

A

double helix

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12
Q

how many chromosomes does every human have?

A

46 (23 - mom 23 - dad)

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13
Q

Genome (definition)

A

all DNA composing an organism

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14
Q

base pairings are also known as…

A

the genetic blueprint

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15
Q

what is the genetic blueprint used for?

A

compare % of similarities of 2 organisms

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16
Q

where does the DNA live in a cell?

A

Chromosome

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17
Q

what are the repeating letter sequences in the DNA called?

A

nucleotide

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18
Q

characteristics of DNA

A
  • regulate cellular activities
  • Self-replication when cells divide
  • mutation error in copying process; different genetic sequence
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19
Q

the Genome contains…

A

instructions to make an organism

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20
Q

what is Allele?

A

a variation of a particular gene

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21
Q

what is a Gene pool?

A

the ratio of all Allele of a gene in a species

22
Q

when does evolution occur?

A

when the ratio of genes in the gene pool changes (change in the genetics of a species)

23
Q

who discovered “Natural Selection”?

A

Charles Darwin - published “ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES” in 1859

24
Q

what was the name of the boat Charles Darwin was on?

A

the beagle

25
Q

when did the voyage of charles darwin take place?

A

1831-1836

26
Q

where did Charles Darwin discover variation among species?

A

Galapagos Islands

27
Q

what are the five distinct ideas of natural selection?

A
  • overproduction
  • struggle for existence
  • variation
  • survival of the fittest
  • accumulation of variation
28
Q

overproduction (definition)

A

the number of species produced is greater than can survive.

29
Q

struggle for existence (definition)

A

essential resources are limited (food, water)

30
Q

variation (definition)

A

the difference in traits among members of the same species. some traits provide an advantage

31
Q

survival of the fittest (definition)

A

better adapted tend to survive to reproduce

32
Q

accumulation of variation (definition)

A

traits from parents are passed on to offspring and become more common over time.

33
Q

what are the 3 types of adaption?

A
  • structural
  • physiological
  • behavioural
34
Q

structural adaption (definition)

A

modification of structures to suit different functions

35
Q

physiological adaption (definition)

A

the production of chemicals (eg. toxins, enzymes)

36
Q

the 3 types of natural selection

A
  • directional selection
  • stabilizing direction
  • disruptive selection
37
Q

directional selection (definition)

A

change in a consistent direction

38
Q

stabilizing direction (definition)

A

reinforces the average phenotype

39
Q

disruptive selection (definition)

A

selects against most common features

40
Q

the 2 types of artificial selection

A
  • selective breeding

- accidental selection

41
Q

selective breeding (definition)

A

non-random mating characterized by the identification of desired traits and promoting development at the expense of what may happen naturally.

42
Q

accidental selection (definition)

A

human activity puts the survival of organisms in jeopardy unintentionally (eg. biological magnification)

43
Q

specification (definition)

A

development of a new species, populations become isolated and must adapt to their new environment.

44
Q

specification (definition)

A

development of a new species, populations become isolated and must adapt to their new environment.

45
Q

geographic isolation (definition)

A

a physical barrier (eg. volcano). gene flow ceases and gene pools change independently.

46
Q

reproductive isolation (definition)

A

organisms in population no longer inbreed, causing differences such as courtship patterns or structural features.

47
Q

what can happen when there is a long-term change to gene frequencies?

A

it causes species to become more similar or more dissimilar (physical features)

48
Q

divergent evolution (definition)

A

develloppement of a similar form due to similar environmental pressures.

49
Q

analogous structures (definition)

A

similar functions, different anatomically

50
Q

name three of the animals Darwin encountered on his voyage to the Galapagos islands.

A
  • finches
  • tortoises
  • marine iguanas
51
Q

what did darwin notice in the finches?

A

their beak forms changed depending on what island they were on and what food resources were available to them.

52
Q

what was different about the tortoises on each island?

A

their shells

Biology 11 (2 decks)

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