Adapting To Arctic Weather And Preparing For Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stress response?

A

The body’s adaptations to correct a disruption of physiological balance

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2
Q

What are the long term and short term responses?

A
  1. Fight or flight: adrenaline- short term

2. General adaptation syndrome: glucocorticoids- long term

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3
Q

What are the processes of the adrenal axis (HPA axis)?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Hypothalamus: CRF released into a specialised neural network to take it to pituitary gland
  3. Pituitary: stimulated by CRF to produce hormone ACTH which circulates in the blood
  4. Blood: ACTH binds to the adrenal cortex
  5. Adrenal cortex: cells are stimulated to produce glucocorticoids
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4
Q

What are the short term effects of glucocorticoids in animals?

A

Suppression of reproductive behaviour without affective reproductive system
Altered immune function
Increased gluconeogenesis
Increased foraging behaviour
Promotion of escape behaviour during the day
Promotion of night restfulness

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5
Q

What are the long term effects of glucocorticoids in animals?

A
Inhibition of the reproductive system 
Immune suppression 
Loss of protein from skeletal muscle 
Accelerated neuronal degeneration 
Suppression of growth
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6
Q

Describe the ‘capture, handling and restraint’ method to determine stress responsiveness in wild birds:

A
  1. Take blood sample within 2 mins of capture
  2. Birds subjected to standardised stressor (drawstring bag)
  3. Take further samples at defined intervals
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7
Q

What is the most efficient store of energy for migratory birds flying long distances?

A

Energy in the form of lipids (fats)

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8
Q

Why are lipids good energy stores?

A

They have a higher energy density and have little water associated with them

Can store a lot of energy in a small space

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9
Q

What is the highest percentage of fat found in a migratory bird?

A

50%

Ruby throated hummingbird

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10
Q

What is spring migratory fattening induced by?

A

Photoperiod- long days

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11
Q

Give an example of natural fasting in animals

A

When hens are incubating their eggs they lose interest in food to spend more time sitting on the eggs

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12
Q

What are the two effects of corticosterone?

A
  1. Basal (non stressed) concentrations regulate food intake and fat deposition
  2. Stress induced corticosterone secretion is associated with activating the emergency life history stage
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