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Biology > Adaptations For Transport: ANIMALS > Flashcards

Adaptations For Transport: ANIMALS Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Open Circulatory System?

A

Where there is a mixing of the blood and interstitial to make up the hemolymph. In an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in blood vessels. It is pumped into a cavity called the hemocoel.

Examples include insects, where the heart pumps fluid at low pressure from a dorsal tube-shaped heart.

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2
Q

How does the heart function in an open circulatory system?

A

The heart pumps fluid at relatively low pressure and sucks haemolymph back when relaxed.

This system allows direct exchange of substances like glucose and amino acids.

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3
Q

What is the primary fluid in an open circulatory system?

A

Haemolymph

Haemolymph does not contain a respiratory pigment as oxygen diffuses directly to cells.

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4
Q

What is a Closed Circulatory System?

A

Blood circulates in a fully enclosed system of tubes (blood vessels).

Examples include mammals and fish.

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5
Q

What role does the heart play in a closed circulatory system?

A

The heart is a muscular pump, pushing blood at high pressure and with a rapid flow rate.

Organs are not in direct contact with blood but are bathed in tissue fluid.

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6
Q

What is the significance of respiratory pigments in blood?

A

They carry oxygen.

This is a characteristic of closed circulatory systems.

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7
Q

Which organisms have a closed circulatory system?

A

Mammals, fish, and earthworms.

Earthworms have dorsal and ventral vessels connected by pseudohearts.

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8
Q

What type of vessels do earthworms have?

A

Dorsal and ventral vessels running the length of the body.

These vessels are connected by five pairs of pseudohearts.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Insects do not have a _______ in their haemolymph.

A

respiratory pigment

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10
Q

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, organs are in direct contact with blood.

A

False

Organs are bathed in tissue fluid instead.

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11
Q

What is the primary function of the aorta in a closed circulatory system?

A

To distribute blood from the heart to the body.

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12
Q

What type of circulatory system has blood under low pressure as it is not contained within vessels?

A

Open circulatory system

In an open circulatory system, blood (or haemolymph) bathes organs directly.

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13
Q

What type of circulatory system has blood under high pressure because it is contained within vessels?

A

Closed circulatory system

In a closed circulatory system, blood is always contained within vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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14
Q

In an open circulatory system, how does blood interact with organs?

A

Direct contact

The haemolymph leaves the circulatory system and bathes the organs directly.

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15
Q

How is oxygen transported in an open circulatory system?

A

Directly to tissues

Oxygen reaches the gas exchange surface via a tracheal system, hence no respiratory pigment is needed.

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16
Q

What is the primary respiratory pigment that carries oxygen in a closed circulatory system?

A

Haemoglobin

Oxygen diffuses into the blood and is carried around the body bound to haemoglobin.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood is always contained within _______ in a closed circulatory system.

A

vessels

This includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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18
Q

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, blood has direct contact with organs.

A

False

Blood is contained within vessels and never has direct contact with organs.

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19
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen transport from the lungs in a closed circulatory system?

A

From the lungs to the heart and then towards capillaries in body tissues

This ensures efficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

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20
Q

What is the main function of the tracheal system in organisms with an open circulatory system?

A

Gas exchange

The tracheal system allows direct transport of oxygen to tissues without the need for respiratory pigments.

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21
Q

What type of circulatory system has blood under low pressure as it is not contained within vessels?

A

Open circulatory system

In an open circulatory system, blood (or haemolymph) bathes organs directly.

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22
Q

What type of circulatory system has blood under high pressure because it is contained within vessels?

A

Closed circulatory system

In a closed circulatory system, blood is always contained within vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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23
Q

In an open circulatory system, how does blood interact with organs?

A

Direct contact

The haemolymph leaves the circulatory system and bathes the organs directly.

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24
Q

How is oxygen transported in an open circulatory system?

A

Directly to tissues

Oxygen reaches the gas exchange surface via a tracheal system, hence no respiratory pigment is needed.

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25
Q

What is the primary respiratory pigment that carries oxygen in a closed circulatory system?

A

Haemoglobin

Oxygen diffuses into the blood and is carried around the body bound to haemoglobin.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: Blood is always contained within _______ in a closed circulatory system.

A

vessels

This includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

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27
Q

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, blood has direct contact with organs.

A

False

Blood is contained within vessels and never has direct contact with organs.

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28
Q

What is the pathway of oxygen transport from the lungs in a closed circulatory system?

A

From the lungs to the heart and then towards capillaries in body tissues

This ensures efficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

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29
Q

What is the main function of the tracheal system in organisms with an open circulatory system?

A

Gas exchange

The tracheal system allows direct transport of oxygen to tissues without the need for respiratory pigments.

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30
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

A system where blood is contained within vessels and is pumped by a heart.

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31
Q

What is single circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart once in one complete circulation.

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32
Q

Give an example of an organism with single circulation.

A

Fish

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33
Q

What is double circulation?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation.

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34
Q

Give an example of an organism with double circulation.

A

Mammals

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35
Q

What are the two circuits in double circulation?

A
  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
36
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

All of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the lungs.

37
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

All of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body, excluding the lungs.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: In single circulation, blood passes through the heart ______.

39
Q

Fill in the blank: In double circulation, blood passes through the heart ______.

40
Q

What type of circulatory system do insects have?

41
Q

What type of circulatory system do earthworms have?

42
Q

Which type of circulatory system has a dorsal tube-shaped heart?

43
Q

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?

44
Q

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

45
Q

True or False: All mammals have a closed circulatory system.

46
Q

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

A

They supply tissues for respiration.

47
Q

What is the space in an insect’s body cavity that fluid is pumped into?

48
Q

What is the fluid in insects that bathes the tissues directly, enabling the exchange of substances?

A

Haemolymph

49
Q

What are all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary circulation

50
Q

What are all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)?

A

Systemic circulation

51
Q

What are the tendons attached to valves in the heart which prevent the valves from prolapsing called?

A

Chordae tendineae

52
Q

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles known as?

A

Atrio-ventricular valves

53
Q

What are the valves between major arteries and ventricles called?

A

Semi-lunar valves

54
Q

What is the pacemaker found in the wall of the right atrium that sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria?

A

Sino-atrial node

55
Q

What is the bundle of tissue found between the atria and ventricles that delays the wave of depolarisation?

A

Atrio-ventricular node

56
Q

What is the name of the bundle of His?

A

Bundle of His

57
Q

What are the fibres that transmit the wave of depolarisation through the septum to the apex called?

A

Purkinje fibres

58
Q

What is the scientific term for contraction?

59
Q

What is the scientific term for relaxation?

60
Q

What is an electrocardiogram used for?

A

A test used to check the heart’s rhythm and electrical activity

61
Q

What is Torsades de Pointe (TdP)?

A

A type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can degenerate into a fatal rhythm.

TdP can be caused by various factors including electrolyte imbalances and certain medications.

62
Q

How is heart rate calculated from an ECG trace?

A

Heart rate = 60 / cycle length in seconds.

The cycle length is measured from equivalent points on the ECG trace, such as R to R intervals.

63
Q

If the cycle length from an ECG trace is 0.8 seconds, what is the heart rate?

A

75 beats per minute.

Calculation: 60 / 0.8 = 75.

64
Q

What is the difference in heart rhythm between a normal ECG trace and one with arrhythmias?

A

Normal heart rhythm is regular; arrhythmias are irregular and may lack P waves.

A normal ECG shows consistent intervals and waveforms.

65
Q

What change is observed in the QRS wave of a person having a heart attack?

A

The QRS complex may be wide and complex.

This reflects impaired electrical conduction due to myocardial damage.

66
Q

What does a chaotic activity in the atria indicate on an ECG?

A

It indicates atrial fibrillation or another form of atrial arrhythmia.

This can lead to ineffective atrial contraction and increased risk of thromboembolism.

67
Q

What change occurs in the QRS wave of a person with enlarged ventricle walls?

A

The QRS complex is complex with a greater voltage range.

This is due to increased muscle mass and altered conduction pathways.

68
Q

Calculate the cardiac output for a patient with a heart rate of 85 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 65 cm³.

A

Cardiac output = 5525 cm³ min⁻¹.

Calculation: CO = HR x SV = 85 x 65.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) is CO = HR x _______.

A

SV.

HR is heart rate and SV is stroke volume.

70
Q

What is the procedure that detects the electrical activity of the heart?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The ECG is created using electrodes placed on the skin.

71
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG trace represent?

A

Depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole

It is the first part of the ECG trace.

72
Q

What does the QRS wave in an ECG trace indicate?

A

Spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole

It is a significant part of the ECG trace.

73
Q

What does the T wave in an ECG trace signify?

A

Relaxation and repolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole

It indicates the recovery phase of the ventricles.

74
Q

What does the length of the PR interval indicate?

A

The time taken for the electrical signals to travel through the AV node

A longer PR interval may indicate a delay in conduction.

75
Q

Why is the QRS wave larger than the P wave?

A

Ventricles have more muscle mass, requiring a larger electrical signal

This allows for a stronger contraction of the ventricles.

76
Q

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the atria is represented by the _______.

A

P wave

The P wave corresponds to atrial systole.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

A

QRS wave

The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular systole.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: The relaxation of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

A

T wave

The T wave indicates ventricular diastole.

79
Q

What is the procedure that detects the electrical activity of the heart?

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

The ECG is created using electrodes placed on the skin.

80
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG trace represent?

A

Depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole

It is the first part of the ECG trace.

81
Q

What does the QRS wave in an ECG trace indicate?

A

Spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole

It is a significant part of the ECG trace.

82
Q

What does the T wave in an ECG trace signify?

A

Relaxation and repolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole

It indicates the recovery phase of the ventricles.

83
Q

What does the length of the PR interval indicate?

A

The time taken for the electrical signals to travel through the AV node

A longer PR interval may indicate a delay in conduction.

84
Q

Why is the QRS wave larger than the P wave?

A

Ventricles have more muscle mass, requiring a larger electrical signal

This allows for a stronger contraction of the ventricles.

85
Q

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the atria is represented by the _______.

A

P wave

The P wave corresponds to atrial systole.

86
Q

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

A

QRS wave

The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular systole.

87
Q

Fill in the blank: The relaxation of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

A

T wave

The T wave indicates ventricular diastole.

Biology (3 decks)

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