Adaptations For Transport: ANIMALS

Question 1

What is an Open Circulatory System?

Answer 1

Where there is a mixing of the blood and interstitial to make up the hemolymph. In an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in blood vessels. It is pumped into a cavity called the hemocoel.

Examples include insects, where the heart pumps fluid at low pressure from a dorsal tube-shaped heart.

Question 2

How does the heart function in an open circulatory system?

Answer 2

The heart pumps fluid at relatively low pressure and sucks haemolymph back when relaxed.

This system allows direct exchange of substances like glucose and amino acids.

Question 3

What is the primary fluid in an open circulatory system?

Answer 3

Haemolymph

Haemolymph does not contain a respiratory pigment as oxygen diffuses directly to cells.

Question 4

What is a Closed Circulatory System?

Answer 4

Blood circulates in a fully enclosed system of tubes (blood vessels).

Examples include mammals and fish.

Question 5

What role does the heart play in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 5

The heart is a muscular pump, pushing blood at high pressure and with a rapid flow rate.

Organs are not in direct contact with blood but are bathed in tissue fluid.

Question 6

What is the significance of respiratory pigments in blood?

Answer 6

They carry oxygen.

This is a characteristic of closed circulatory systems.

Question 7

Which organisms have a closed circulatory system?

Answer 7

Mammals, fish, and earthworms.

Earthworms have dorsal and ventral vessels connected by pseudohearts.

Question 8

What type of vessels do earthworms have?

Answer 8

Dorsal and ventral vessels running the length of the body.

These vessels are connected by five pairs of pseudohearts.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Insects do not have a _______ in their haemolymph.

Answer 9

respiratory pigment

Question 10

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, organs are in direct contact with blood.

Answer 10

False

Organs are bathed in tissue fluid instead.

Question 11

What is the primary function of the aorta in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 11

To distribute blood from the heart to the body.

Question 12

What type of circulatory system has blood under low pressure as it is not contained within vessels?

Answer 12

Open circulatory system

In an open circulatory system, blood (or haemolymph) bathes organs directly.

Question 13

What type of circulatory system has blood under high pressure because it is contained within vessels?

Answer 13

Closed circulatory system

In a closed circulatory system, blood is always contained within vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 14

In an open circulatory system, how does blood interact with organs?

Answer 14

Direct contact

The haemolymph leaves the circulatory system and bathes the organs directly.

Question 15

How is oxygen transported in an open circulatory system?

Answer 15

Directly to tissues

Oxygen reaches the gas exchange surface via a tracheal system, hence no respiratory pigment is needed.

Question 16

What is the primary respiratory pigment that carries oxygen in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 16

Haemoglobin

Oxygen diffuses into the blood and is carried around the body bound to haemoglobin.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: Blood is always contained within _______ in a closed circulatory system.

Answer 17

vessels

This includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 18

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, blood has direct contact with organs.

Answer 18

False

Blood is contained within vessels and never has direct contact with organs.

Question 19

What is the pathway of oxygen transport from the lungs in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 19

From the lungs to the heart and then towards capillaries in body tissues

This ensures efficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 20

What is the main function of the tracheal system in organisms with an open circulatory system?

Answer 20

Gas exchange

The tracheal system allows direct transport of oxygen to tissues without the need for respiratory pigments.

Question 21

What type of circulatory system has blood under low pressure as it is not contained within vessels?

Answer 21

Open circulatory system

In an open circulatory system, blood (or haemolymph) bathes organs directly.

Question 22

What type of circulatory system has blood under high pressure because it is contained within vessels?

Answer 22

Closed circulatory system

In a closed circulatory system, blood is always contained within vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 23

In an open circulatory system, how does blood interact with organs?

Answer 23

Direct contact

The haemolymph leaves the circulatory system and bathes the organs directly.

Question 24

How is oxygen transported in an open circulatory system?

Answer 24

Directly to tissues

Oxygen reaches the gas exchange surface via a tracheal system, hence no respiratory pigment is needed.

Question 25

What is the primary respiratory pigment that carries oxygen in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 25

Haemoglobin ## Footnote Oxygen diffuses into the blood and is carried around the body bound to haemoglobin.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Blood is always contained within _______ in a closed circulatory system.

Answer 26

vessels ## Footnote This includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Question 27

True or False: In a closed circulatory system, blood has direct contact with organs.

Answer 27

False ## Footnote Blood is contained within vessels and never has direct contact with organs.

Question 28

What is the pathway of oxygen transport from the lungs in a closed circulatory system?

Answer 28

From the lungs to the heart and then towards capillaries in body tissues ## Footnote This ensures efficient oxygen delivery to tissues.

Question 29

What is the main function of the tracheal system in organisms with an open circulatory system?

Answer 29

Gas exchange ## Footnote The tracheal system allows direct transport of oxygen to tissues without the need for respiratory pigments.

Question 30

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 30

A system where blood is contained within vessels and is pumped by a heart.

Question 31

What is single circulation?

Answer 31

Blood passes through the heart once in one complete circulation.

Question 32

Give an example of an organism with single circulation.

Answer 32

Fish

Question 33

What is double circulation?

Answer 33

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation.

Question 34

Give an example of an organism with double circulation.

Answer 34

Mammals

Question 35

What are the two circuits in double circulation?

Answer 35

* Pulmonary circulation * Systemic circulation

Question 36

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 36

All of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the lungs.

Question 37

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 37

All of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body, excluding the lungs.

Question 38

Fill in the blank: In single circulation, blood passes through the heart ______.

Answer 38

once

Question 39

Fill in the blank: In double circulation, blood passes through the heart ______.

Answer 39

twice

Question 40

What type of circulatory system do insects have?

Answer 40

Open

Question 41

What type of circulatory system do earthworms have?

Answer 41

Closed

Question 42

Which type of circulatory system has a dorsal tube-shaped heart?

Answer 42

Insects

Question 43

How many chambers does a mammalian heart have?

Answer 43

4

Question 44

How many chambers does a fish heart have?

Answer 44

2

Question 45

True or False: All mammals have a closed circulatory system.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

Answer 46

They supply tissues for respiration.

Question 47

What is the space in an insect's body cavity that fluid is pumped into?

Answer 47

Haemocoel

Question 48

What is the fluid in insects that bathes the tissues directly, enabling the exchange of substances?

Answer 48

Haemolymph

Question 49

What are all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the lungs called?

Answer 49

Pulmonary circulation

Question 50

What are all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body (excluding the lungs)?

Answer 50

Systemic circulation

Question 51

What are the tendons attached to valves in the heart which prevent the valves from prolapsing called?

Answer 51

Chordae tendineae

Question 52

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles known as?

Answer 52

Atrio-ventricular valves

Question 53

What are the valves between major arteries and ventricles called?

Answer 53

Semi-lunar valves

Question 54

What is the pacemaker found in the wall of the right atrium that sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria?

Answer 54

Sino-atrial node

Question 55

What is the bundle of tissue found between the atria and ventricles that delays the wave of depolarisation?

Answer 55

Atrio-ventricular node

Question 56

What is the name of the bundle of His?

Answer 56

Bundle of His

Question 57

What are the fibres that transmit the wave of depolarisation through the septum to the apex called?

Answer 57

Purkinje fibres

Question 58

What is the scientific term for contraction?

Answer 58

Systole

Question 59

What is the scientific term for relaxation?

Answer 59

Diastole

Question 60

What is an electrocardiogram used for?

Answer 60

A test used to check the heart's rhythm and electrical activity

Question 61

What is Torsades de Pointe (TdP)?

Answer 61

A type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can degenerate into a fatal rhythm. ## Footnote TdP can be caused by various factors including electrolyte imbalances and certain medications.

Question 62

How is heart rate calculated from an ECG trace?

Answer 62

Heart rate = 60 / cycle length in seconds. ## Footnote The cycle length is measured from equivalent points on the ECG trace, such as R to R intervals.

Question 63

If the cycle length from an ECG trace is 0.8 seconds, what is the heart rate?

Answer 63

75 beats per minute. ## Footnote Calculation: 60 / 0.8 = 75.

Question 64

What is the difference in heart rhythm between a normal ECG trace and one with arrhythmias?

Answer 64

Normal heart rhythm is regular; arrhythmias are irregular and may lack P waves. ## Footnote A normal ECG shows consistent intervals and waveforms.

Question 65

What change is observed in the QRS wave of a person having a heart attack?

Answer 65

The QRS complex may be wide and complex. ## Footnote This reflects impaired electrical conduction due to myocardial damage.

Question 66

What does a chaotic activity in the atria indicate on an ECG?

Answer 66

It indicates atrial fibrillation or another form of atrial arrhythmia. ## Footnote This can lead to ineffective atrial contraction and increased risk of thromboembolism.

Question 67

What change occurs in the QRS wave of a person with enlarged ventricle walls?

Answer 67

The QRS complex is complex with a greater voltage range. ## Footnote This is due to increased muscle mass and altered conduction pathways.

Question 68

Calculate the cardiac output for a patient with a heart rate of 85 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 65 cm³.

Answer 68

Cardiac output = 5525 cm³ min⁻¹. ## Footnote Calculation: CO = HR x SV = 85 x 65.

Question 69

Fill in the blank: The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) is CO = HR x _______.

Answer 69

SV. ## Footnote HR is heart rate and SV is stroke volume.

Question 70

What is the procedure that detects the electrical activity of the heart?

Answer 70

Electrocardiogram (ECG) ## Footnote The ECG is created using electrodes placed on the skin.

Question 71

What does the P wave in an ECG trace represent?

Answer 71

Depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole ## Footnote It is the first part of the ECG trace.

Question 72

What does the QRS wave in an ECG trace indicate?

Answer 72

Spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole ## Footnote It is a significant part of the ECG trace.

Question 73

What does the T wave in an ECG trace signify?

Answer 73

Relaxation and repolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole ## Footnote It indicates the recovery phase of the ventricles.

Question 74

What does the length of the PR interval indicate?

Answer 74

The time taken for the electrical signals to travel through the AV node ## Footnote A longer PR interval may indicate a delay in conduction.

Question 75

Why is the QRS wave larger than the P wave?

Answer 75

Ventricles have more muscle mass, requiring a larger electrical signal ## Footnote This allows for a stronger contraction of the ventricles.

Question 76

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the atria is represented by the _______.

Answer 76

P wave ## Footnote The P wave corresponds to atrial systole.

Question 77

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

Answer 77

QRS wave ## Footnote The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular systole.

Question 78

Fill in the blank: The relaxation of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

Answer 78

T wave ## Footnote The T wave indicates ventricular diastole.

Question 79

What is the procedure that detects the electrical activity of the heart?

Answer 79

Electrocardiogram (ECG) ## Footnote The ECG is created using electrodes placed on the skin.

Question 80

What does the P wave in an ECG trace represent?

Answer 80

Depolarisation of the atria during atrial systole ## Footnote It is the first part of the ECG trace.

Question 81

What does the QRS wave in an ECG trace indicate?

Answer 81

Spread of depolarisation through the ventricles, resulting in ventricular systole ## Footnote It is a significant part of the ECG trace.

Question 82

What does the T wave in an ECG trace signify?

Answer 82

Relaxation and repolarisation of the ventricular muscle during ventricular diastole ## Footnote It indicates the recovery phase of the ventricles.

Question 83

What does the length of the PR interval indicate?

Answer 83

The time taken for the electrical signals to travel through the AV node ## Footnote A longer PR interval may indicate a delay in conduction.

Question 84

Why is the QRS wave larger than the P wave?

Answer 84

Ventricles have more muscle mass, requiring a larger electrical signal ## Footnote This allows for a stronger contraction of the ventricles.

Question 85

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the atria is represented by the _______.

Answer 85

P wave ## Footnote The P wave corresponds to atrial systole.

Question 86

Fill in the blank: The contraction of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

Answer 86

QRS wave ## Footnote The QRS complex corresponds to ventricular systole.

Question 87

Fill in the blank: The relaxation of the ventricles is represented by the _______.

Answer 87

T wave ## Footnote The T wave indicates ventricular diastole.