adaptation to visual changes

Question 1

what is a visuomotor map

Answer 1

defines the relationship between muscle activity adn visual consequences of mvmt

Question 2

what does a child’s NS have to do

Answer 2

learn the mapping bewteen muscle activity and amount/direction of limb motion

Question 3

what occurs with a shift in visual field (prism goggles)

Answer 3

alters the relationship between muscle activity and visual feedback about limb motion

Question 4

what is the slow process

Answer 4

internal models - responding to SPE

Question 5

what are the properties of the slow process

Answer 5

• temporally stable (learns and forgets slowly)
• implicit (away from conscious awareness)
• low reaction time
• stable across breaks
• driven by SPE
• fixed properties (increases and remains constant)

Question 6

what are the properties of the fast process

Answer 6

• temporally UNstable (turns on and forgets quickly)
• explicit (planning cost and strategy driven)
• requires high reaction time
• labile (not retained)
• sensitive to performance errors
• changes with experience (becomes less important)

Question 7

what is shown by overall learning

Answer 7

reflects the summed contribution of fast and slow processes

Question 8

what is implicit learning

Answer 8

implicit learning = overall adaptation — planned aimpoints (explicit learning)

Question 9

what is the effect of visuomotor rotations on explicit aiming and implicit learning

Answer 9

• rapid change in aimpoints (peak right after VMR introduction)
• continued exposure causes a decline in explicit aiming and steady increase in implicit learning (adaptation)

Question 10

what do explicit aiming and implicit learning resemble

Answer 10

explicit aiming resembles fast process
implicit learning (adaptation) is the internal model and resembles the slow process

Question 11

what does explicit aim reporting encourage

Answer 11

explicit aiming strategy
increases average RATE of adaptation (not amount)
increases rate of washout (lower retention)

Question 12

what is seen in the control condition (less emphasis on explicit aiming)

Answer 12

slower rates of learning and washout
- relies more on internal model
- higher retention

Question 13

what happens to reaction time when visuomotor map changes unexpectedly

Answer 13

reaction time increases
- suggests explicit planning cost imposed by changes in the task
- reaction time cost re emerges with each change

adaptation = reaction time cost back to baseline

Question 14

what do constraints on planning time expose

Answer 14

presence of explicit planning / aiming strategies

Question 15

what is seen with high preparation time (see the target for longer before reaching)

Answer 15

• faster learning and washout
• can cognitively resolve during long planning time so there is less deviation during washout
• show that they are using more of the explicit strategy during longer planning time

Question 16

what is seen with low preparation time (change in target right before mvmt)

Answer 16

slower learning and washout
- no difference in late adaptation between high and low prep time (switches to internal model)

Question 17

what do learning patterns use

Answer 17

both sensory prediction errors (SPE) and performance errors (PE)

Question 18

what is performance error

Answer 18

PE = explicit aim direction + implicit forward model – rotation size

PE = overall adaptation – rotation

Question 19

what do the SPE and PE drive

Answer 19

SPE drives updates in the internal model (forward) - implicit learning

PE drives explicit aiming strategies and selected goal

Question 20

what areas of the brain are involved in visuomotor learning

Answer 20

cerebellum - more active in implicit (internal models)
parietal cortex - area 5 and 7
PFC - more active in explicit (cognitive/conscious processes)

Question 21

what is the impact of cerebellar damage on VMR adaptation

Answer 21

• smaller adaptations and washout
• reduced rate and amount of learning
• smaller deviations in washout
• impair overall learning

Question 22

how does reduced volume in cerebellar structures impact VMR and FF learning

Answer 22

reduced volume in posterior lobe = lower VMR learning

reduced volume in anterior lobe = lower FF learning

same concept for lesions