adaptation to visual changes Flashcards

1
Q

what is a visuomotor map

A

defines the relationship between muscle activity adn visual consequences of mvmt

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2
Q

what does a child’s NS have to do

A

learn the mapping bewteen muscle activity and amount/direction of limb motion

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3
Q

what occurs with a shift in visual field (prism goggles)

A

alters the relationship between muscle activity and visual feedback about limb motion

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4
Q

what is the slow process

A

internal models - responding to SPE

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5
Q

what are the properties of the slow process

A
  • temporally stable (learns and forgets slowly)
  • implicit (away from conscious awareness)
  • low reaction time
  • stable across breaks
  • driven by SPE
  • fixed properties (increases and remains constant)
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6
Q

what are the properties of the fast process

A
  • temporally UNstable (turns on and forgets quickly)
  • explicit (planning cost and strategy driven)
  • requires high reaction time
  • labile (not retained)
  • sensitive to performance errors
  • changes with experience (becomes less important)
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7
Q

what is shown by overall learning

A

reflects the summed contribution of fast and slow processes

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8
Q

what is implicit learning

A

implicit learning = overall adaptation — planned aimpoints (explicit learning)

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9
Q

what is the effect of visuomotor rotations on explicit aiming and implicit learning

A
  • rapid change in aimpoints (peak right after VMR introduction)
  • continued exposure causes a decline in explicit aiming and steady increase in implicit learning (adaptation)
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10
Q

what do explicit aiming and implicit learning resemble

A

explicit aiming resembles fast process
implicit learning (adaptation) is the internal model and resembles the slow process

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11
Q

what does explicit aim reporting encourage

A

explicit aiming strategy
increases average RATE of adaptation (not amount)
increases rate of washout (lower retention)

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12
Q

what is seen in the control condition (less emphasis on explicit aiming)

A

slower rates of learning and washout
- relies more on internal model
- higher retention

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13
Q

what happens to reaction time when visuomotor map changes unexpectedly

A

reaction time increases
- suggests explicit planning cost imposed by changes in the task
- reaction time cost re emerges with each change

adaptation = reaction time cost back to baseline

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14
Q

what do constraints on planning time expose

A

presence of explicit planning / aiming strategies

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15
Q

what is seen with high preparation time (see the target for longer before reaching)

A
  • faster learning and washout
  • can cognitively resolve during long planning time so there is less deviation during washout
  • show that they are using more of the explicit strategy during longer planning time
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16
Q

what is seen with low preparation time (change in target right before mvmt)

A

slower learning and washout
- no difference in late adaptation between high and low prep time (switches to internal model)

17
Q

what do learning patterns use

A

both sensory prediction errors (SPE) and performance errors (PE)

18
Q

what is performance error

A

PE = explicit aim direction + implicit forward model – rotation size

PE = overall adaptation – rotation

19
Q

what do the SPE and PE drive

A

SPE drives updates in the internal model (forward) - implicit learning

PE drives explicit aiming strategies and selected goal

20
Q

what areas of the brain are involved in visuomotor learning

A

cerebellum - more active in implicit (internal models)
parietal cortex - area 5 and 7
PFC - more active in explicit (cognitive/conscious processes)

21
Q

what is the impact of cerebellar damage on VMR adaptation

A
  • smaller adaptations and washout
  • reduced rate and amount of learning
  • smaller deviations in washout
  • impair overall learning
22
Q

how does reduced volume in cerebellar structures impact VMR and FF learning

A

reduced volume in posterior lobe = lower VMR learning

reduced volume in anterior lobe = lower FF learning

same concept for lesions