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Zoology > Adaptation > Flashcards

Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of Evolution or Adaptation?

A

Over time natural selection produces genes that increase fitness in particular environments. These genes then produce phenotypes that have functional roles.

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2
Q

What is the name of the catapult mechanism in a jumping flea beetle?

A

Metafemoral spring

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3
Q

Why do insects have six legs?

A
  • Stability

- Points of contact in climbing

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4
Q

What is a true tissue?

A

A group of specialized cells that act as a functional unit and are isolated from other groups of cells by membranous layers

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5
Q

Name the 3 germ layers in a cell

A

Ectoderm - surface of embryo/outer animal layer
Endoderm - cell lines that develop in digestive tract
Mesoderm - between ectoderm and endoderm

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6
Q

All bilaterally symmetrical animals have…

A

A third germ layer - mesoderm

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7
Q

The body of a sponge consists of two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region called….

A

The mesohyl - a gelatinous matrix

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8
Q

What is the epidermis of a sponge called?

A

Pinacoderm

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9
Q

How does water enter a sponge?

A

Via pores into a cavity called a spongocoel

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10
Q

What is a choanocyte?

A

Specialized cells that have a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli

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11
Q

What is the function of Amoebocytes in the Porifera?

A

Amoebocytes manufacture tough skeletal fibres within the mesohyl (internal bit) which is equivalent to a endoskeleton

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12
Q

Surface area must keep pace with what?

A

Volume

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13
Q

What is the Linnaean system?

A

Taxonomic hierarchy consisting of Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species.

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14
Q

What is the main purpose of phylogenetics?

A

To make hypotheses about evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

A widely used methodology to construct phylogeny is called…

A

Cladistics

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16
Q

What is the aim of the cladistics methodology?

A

The objective is to place species into groups called clades which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

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17
Q

How do we link the taxonic hierarchy with the evolution of animal life?

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram made up of Branches and Nodes

The branching patterns often match how taxonomists have classified groups of organisms nested within more inclusive groups.

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18
Q

What does the term polytomy mean?

A

More than two lineages diverge from a single node in the phylogenetic tree

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19
Q

What does sister taxa mean and provide an example?

A

Species share an immediate common ancestor

i.e. cubozoa and syphozoa (box and sea jellies)

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20
Q

A group is monophyletic if…

A

The clade includes the ancestral species and all of its descendants

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21
Q

A group is paraphyletic if…

A

The clade includes the ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants

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22
Q

A group is polyphyletic if…

A

The clade includes taxa with different ancestors

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23
Q

Similar features that arise due to shared ancestry are called…

A

Homologous structures

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24
Q

What is meant by the term Convergent Evolution?

A

The process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities. Appear similar but internal anatomy, physiology & reproductive systems are different

This is known as Analogous Similarities

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25
Q

What are the closest living relative of animals (common ancestor)?

A

Suspension feeders known as choanoflagellates

26
Q

Why are choanoflagellates not animals?

A

They are unicellular - don’t have tissues that arise from embryonic layers

27
Q

Sequence of branching in a phylogenetic tress does NOT indicate what?

A

Age of species

28
Q

With the exception of sponges (and a few others) all animals come under the clade Eumetazoa . What are the characteristics of this clade?

A

They have true tissues organized into germ layers, the presence of neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage.

29
Q

Name three characteristics of Cnidaria

A
  • Diploblastic (two germ layers)
  • Radial symmetry
  • True tissues
30
Q

In Cnidaria the ectoderm and endoderm are separated by what?

A

Mesoglea - jelly like matrix

31
Q

What are the two types of body plan in the Cnidaria?

A

Medusa or polyp

32
Q

What are the 3 body layers of Cnidaria?

A

Epidermis, Mesoglea, Gastrodermis.

33
Q

What is the function of the gastrovascular cavity in Cnidaria?

A

Acts as a hyrdostatic skeleton (pressure is applied by fluid pressure) against which contractile cells can work

34
Q

What is the function of the nerve net?

A

Coordinates movement as Cnidaria do not have a brain

35
Q

In Cnidaria, enzymes are secreted into the cavity, breaking down the prey into a nutrient rich-broth. Cells lining the cavity then absorb the nutrients and undigested parts are expelled through the mouth/anus. What is the process called?

A

Extracellular digestion

36
Q

What are Cnidocyte cells?

A

Explosive cells containing one giant secretory organelle called a cnidocyst that can deliver a sting to other organisms

37
Q

What is the name of Cnidaria that have specialised spirocysts to capture prey?

A

Nematocysts

38
Q

What are the four major clades of the Cnidaria?

A

Hydrozoa - hydras
Scyphozoa - true jellies
Cubozoa - box jellies
Anthozoa - corals and anemones

39
Q

What is a special feature of the Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)?

A

They have a symbiosis with zooxanthellae which occurs in the gastrodermal cells. This can make them appear green as the zooxanthellae have chloroplasts

40
Q

What makes the Ctenophora (comb jellies) different from the Cnidaria?

A

Epidermis of the tentacles have peculiar adhesive cells called colloblasts.

41
Q

Similar features due to shared ancestry are called?

A

Homologous structures or “synapomorphies”

42
Q

How do biologist estimate when the ancestors of an organism live?

A

Molecular clocks which are a means of dating the divergence of organisms by looking at the changes in the structures of basic proteins or DNA

43
Q

What is the different between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Prostostomes - Mouth formed first in blastula

Deuterostomes - Anus formed first in blastula

44
Q

What are the characteristics of the Bilateria?

A

Have bilateral symmetry and tripoblastic development - 3 germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm and most have digestive tract with openings (mouth and anus) and coelom

45
Q

What are the 3 major clades of bilaterally symmetrical animals?

A

Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa; Ecdysozoa.

46
Q

How was the clade Lophotrochozoa identified?

A

By molecular data (DNA)

47
Q

What are the features of a Lophophore?

A
  • Crown of ciliated tentacles

- Present in some members

48
Q

What are the features of trochophore larva?

A
  • Shaped like a spinning top
  • Small and translucent
  • Prominent circlet of cilia
49
Q

What do nematodes possess?

A

Psuedocoeloms

50
Q

Flatworms are known as acoelomates because they lack what?

A

Body cavity

51
Q

In which two ways do Platyhelminthes reproduce?

A
  • By fission (asexually)

- Sexually

52
Q

What is a main characteristic of flukes and tapeworms?

A

They are parasitic

Neodermata- new skin- loose epidermis – enclosed by sheath like syncytium- the neodermis- one massive nucleated cell.

53
Q

How do flatworms digest food?

A

By branched gastrovascular system - gas exchange and the elimination of nitrogenous waste occur by diffusion across the body surface and exits mouth via sac-like gut (they have no anus)

54
Q

How do flatworms move?

A

Body is covered in cilia which forces propulsion for locomotion

55
Q

How do flatworms osmoregulate?

A

With protonephridia - networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs

56
Q

What are the similar features of the Bryozoa and Brachiopoda?

A

They are known as lophophorates.

The animals have a lophophore which is a crown of ciliated tentacles around the mouth

Have a true coelom

57
Q

What is an important characteristic of Bryozoa?

A

It also has a statoblast - asexually produced encapsulated bud of a freshwater bryozoan

58
Q

What are three features of Brachiopods?

A
  • Sessile
  • Resemble bivalve molluscs
  • Shells on dorsal and ventral sides
59
Q

What is the difference between articulate and inarticulate brachiopods?

A

Articulate - Teeth and sockets

Inarticulate - No teeth - use system of muscles instead

60
Q

What is the function of the pedicle in Brachiopods?

A

Attaches animal to seabed

61
Q

What does “Lingula” mean

A

A living fossil

Zoology (1 decks)

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