(AD)ME

Question 1

ADME

Answer 1

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 2

Pharmacokinetic (PK) Phase

Answer 2

Dose, dosage form, frequency, and route of administration as related to drug level vs time.

Question 3

Pharmacodynamic (PD) Phase

Answer 3

The concentration of a drug at the site of action as related to efficacy.

Question 4

How are the Metabolism and Excretion phase combined into one term?

Answer 4

Elimination

Question 5

Route of Administration

Answer 5

The pathway that the drug enters the body with respect to sites of absorption

Question 6

Distribution

Answer 6

The partitioning of the drug through various organs and site in the body.

Question 7

Volume of Distribution

Answer 7

The APPARENT volume into which the drug is distributed which is determined by amount of drug administered, divided by initial drug concentration. For example, a very small pill with a small concentration detectable in the blood would be expected to have been diluted by a VERY large volume. Hence it would have a large volume of distribution.

Question 8

Drug Metabolism

Answer 8

The process in which a drug is biochemically modified through a series of reactions (often enzymatic).

Question 9

What are the ideal features of a drug in the context of ADME?

Answer 9

Transported by body fluids, tranverses biological membranes, does not readily dilute and distribute through the entire body, reaches relevant sites of actions, and correctly acts on its target.

Question 10

Advantages and disadvantages of Route: Oral

Answer 10

Noninvasive and good for repeated administration, but has heavy first pass effect and requires patient compliance

Question 11

Advantages and disadvantages of Route: Sublingual

Answer 11

Rapid entry without first pass effect, but limited by taste

Question 12

Advantages and disadvantages of Route: Rectal

Answer 12

Avoids undesirable oral complications and less first pass effect but is invasive

Question 13

Advantages and disadvantages of Route: Parenteral

Answer 13

100% absorption, rapid onset, but requires physician administration

Question 14

Bioavailability

Answer 14

The concentration at which a specific drug is available for reaction at a given time

Question 15

Paracellular Pathway

Answer 15

Drug entry into an organ by traveling through the tight junctions between cells

Question 16

Trancellular Pathway

Answer 16

Travelling through a cell via Endocytosis, active transport, passive transport, facilitated diffusion

Question 17

What molecules can pass a cell membrane?

Answer 17

Small hydrophobic molecules like oxygen and small uncharged polar molecules like water (but note that most cells also use channels for them too, like aquaporins)

Question 18

Endocytosis

Answer 18

The cell membrane encompasses a material to allow it into the cell

Question 19

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

Answer 19

The rate of transport in a membrane is a product of surface area, the diffusion coefficient of a material and the relative concentration of the material reaching equilibrium. That product is then divided by thickness of said membrane.

Question 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

Allowance of chemicals to passively travel through a designated channel

Question 21

Active Transport

Answer 21

Using energy to transport a material against its concentration gradient.

Question 22

Solute Carrier (SLC)

Answer 22

Used to transport medium sized molecules in passive transport

Question 23

ATP Binding Cassette

Answer 23

Uses ATP to actively transport chemicals.

Question 24

Uniport

Answer 24

Passive transport through one channel in one direction with one molecule

Question 25

Symport (Cotransport)

Answer 25

Two different types of molecule travel in the same direction passively, one’s gradient might assist the other’s

Question 26

Antiport

Answer 26

Two different types of molecule travel in opposite direction, one’s gradient might assist the other

Question 27

P-glycoprotein (PGP)

Answer 27

Actively pumps foreign material out of a cell, which then contributes to the drug resistance of specific organs.

Question 28

What is the most important section of the small intestine in drug absorption?

Answer 28

Jejunum

Question 29

What affects bioavailability of Oral drugs?

Answer 29

Physiochemical properties, pharmaceutical ingredients, dosage form, patient factors, and drug metabolism

Question 30

What system is the Lymphatic attached to?

Answer 30

The circulatory system

Question 31

Subcutaneous

Answer 31

Below the top layer of skin

Question 32

Intramuscular

Answer 32

Into the muscle far below the skin (Painful)

Question 33

Intravenous

Answer 33

Into the veins below the skin

Question 34

Transdermal

Answer 34

On top of the skin via patch or ointment

Question 35

Implantation

Answer 35

A delivery system that remains in the skin for an extended period of time

Question 36

One component model

Answer 36

The drug completely disperses in the body evenly

Question 37

Two component model

Answer 37

The drug concentrates in organs after administration before eventually distributing in the entire body

Question 38

Protein Binding and Volume of Distribution

Answer 38

Proteins bind to the drug and limits its distribution, usually in relation to the drug’s charge while in the plasma

Question 39

Dose

Answer 39

The target blood concentration of the drug multiplied by the volume of distribution

Question 40

Clearance

Answer 40

The removal of a drug from a volume of plasma in a given unit of time. This number is JUST the volume of plasma, not how much drug was removed. Think “volume of blood that was filtered by the kidneys”

Question 41

Passive reabsoprtion

Answer 41

The process in which useful chemicals are returned to the bloodstream by the kidney. Drugs will be excreted or reabsorbed based on relative pH

Question 42

k (in drug elimination)

Answer 42

The fraction of drug removed from the body per hour. Relates to the volume of distribution as clearance is constant

Question 43

Half Life

Answer 43

The time it takes for half the drug to leave the body

Question 44

Steady state drug elimination

Answer 44

The point at which drug is added and removed at the same rate in a body