AD and Cognitive Impairment in People with PD

Question 1

most common dementing disorder

Answer 1

AD

Question 2

2 biomarkers in people with AD

Answer 2

1 - amyloid plaques - most common
2 - neurofibrillary tangles

Question 3

AD is caused by the accumulation of…

Answer 3

free radicals
*causes brain inflammation

Question 4

neuron loss occurs first in the _____ and then spreads to the..

Answer 4

hippocampus
frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

Question 5

conditions that may accompany AD (2)

Answer 5

depression
anxiety

Question 6

are females or males more at risk of developing AD

Answer 6

females

Question 7

10 warning signs of AD

Answer 7

1. Memory loss that disrupts daily life
2. Challenges in planning or solving problems
3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks at home, at work or at leisure
4. Confusion with time or place
5. Trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationship
6. New problems with words in speaking or writing
7. Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
8. Decreased or poor judgement
9. Withdrawal from work or social activities
10. Changes in mood and personality

Question 8

people with AD have ___- gait speed and ______ variability when walking fast

Answer 8

slower
more

Question 9

people with AD have _____ dual task performance when walking

Answer 9

decreased

Question 10

people with AD have _______ olfactory dysfunction

Answer 10

decreased

Question 11

T or F: people with AD have deficits in the nerve diber layer of the retina and optic nerve

Answer 11

T

Question 12

3 stages of AD from alz association

Answer 12

mild, mod, severe

Question 13

this determines the degree of disability in AD

Answer 13

functional assessment staging test

Question 14

in ____ stage AD the person may be able to function independently

Answer 14

mild (early stage)

Question 15

problems people begin to notice during mild AD (3)

Answer 15

• language
• memory
• difficulty completing familiar tasks

Question 16

the stage of AD is the longest stage and can last for many years

Answer 16

moderate AD (middle stage)

Question 17

symptoms of moderate AD

Answer 17

• personality changes
• changes in sleep patterns
• incontinence
• confusion about place and date
• memory issues
• emotional issues

Question 18

In this stage of AD, people lose the ability to communicate and respond to the environment and may require full-time assistance

Answer 18

severe AD (late stage)

Question 19

symptoms of severe AD

Answer 19

• lose short term memory
• changes in physical ability
• vulnerage to infectino, esp pneumonia

Question 20

what kind of image can you get for AD

Answer 20

• MRI which shows hippoatrophy (just general diag)
• PET scan to measure brain metabolism

Question 21

people with AD have _______ brain metabolism

Answer 21

decreased

Question 22

aducanumab

Answer 22

• alzheimers drug
• decreases amyloid plaque

Question 23

T or F: there are numerous gait and balance deficits associated with AD

Answer 23

T

Question 24

people with AD have _____ proprioception

Answer 24

decreased

Question 25

apraxia

Answer 25

inability to perform routine motor tasks *common with AD

Question 26

additional questions to ask during subjective in pts who have AD

Answer 26

- getting lost - driving - verbal agitation - agression - incontinence

Question 27

min-cog

Answer 27

recall words and draw a clock

Question 28

T or F: people with AD understand verbal instructions

Answer 28

T

Question 29

why should you focus on one or two small tasks during each tratment sesion in pts with AD

Answer 29

they need more repetition compared to someone without AD

Question 30

what kind of diet may be beneficial for those with AD

Answer 30

mediterranean

Question 31

This is a medical nutrition formula in the form of a drink that has been studied for potential use in the dietary management of early AD

Answer 31

souvenaid

Question 32

T or F: exercise may delay cognitive decline and other impacts of AD

Answer 32

T

Question 33

T or F: balance training helps pts with AD

Answer 33

T

Question 34

T or F: there are drugs to help enhance cognition and function in those with dementia

Answer 34

T

Question 35

what non-pharm treatment can delay the progression of dementia

Answer 35

physical activity

Question 36

what are some behavioral issues in people with dementia

Answer 36

*Aggression *Anger or irritation *Anxiety or frustration *Apathy or depression *Hallucinations or misperceptions *Repeated questions or actions *Restlessness or wandering

Question 37

when you approach a pt with dementia what should you do

Answer 37

Hold the dominate hand firmly and stand to the dominate side. Squeeze their hand. Holding their hand firmly provides sensory input and the pressure calms them down.

Question 38

when someone with dementia is experiencing a hallucination what do you do

Answer 38

repeat their sentence and try to figure out what they want *do not say they are wrong

Question 39

T or F: people with parkinsons's disease have a risk of developing cognitive impairment

Answer 39

T: 30-40% of people with PD have dementia

Question 40

T or F: PT can cure PD

Answer 40

F: but it can improve QOL and maintain function

Question 41

______ years in the mean duration from onset of PD to development of dementia

Answer 41

10

Question 42

in PD, working memory and executive function ________

Answer 42

decrease

Question 43

what are risk factors for PD dementia (3)

Answer 43

1 - higher age 2 - more sever parkinsonism 3 - mild cog impairment at baseline

Question 44

what are the core features for PD dementia

Answer 44

1 - diag of PD 2 - dementia syndrome with insidious onset and slow progression that affects daily life

Question 45

2 ways to assess cognition in PD

Answer 45

mini mental status exam (MMSE) montreal cognitive assessment (MoCa)

Question 46

cut off score on MoCA for mild cog impairment in PD and AD

Answer 46

26

Question 47

T or F: structured cog training improves cog function but unstructured training does not

Answer 47

F: both do!