Acute Respiratory Flashcards by Margo B

What is sinusitis?

Inflammation of one or more sinuses (acute or chronic)

Sinusitis can lead to various complications if not treated properly.

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What is rhinitis?

Inflammation of nasal mucous membranes (viral or common cold)

Rhinitis can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion and runny nose.

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What is pharyngitis?

Inflammation of the pharynx, usually caused by strep infection

If left untreated, pharyngitis can lead to scarlet or rheumatic fever.

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What is laryngitis?

Inflammation of the lining of the larynx (voice box)

Laryngitis can result in hoarseness or loss of voice.

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What is the primary symptom of scarlet fever?

Bright red rash covering most of the body, sore throat, and fever

The rash often begins to peel after a period of time.

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What complications can arise from rheumatic fever?

Painful joints and heart problems, fever

Rheumatic fever can have serious long-term effects on heart health.

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What are the common causes of upper airway obstruction?

Choking
Aspiration
Unconsciousness
Laryngeal spasms
Edema

Immediate medical management is crucial to restore airway.

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What is the incubation period for influenza?

1-3 days

Influenza can cause seasonal epidemics and affects various age groups.

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What are the typical symptoms of influenza?

Fever
Chills
Myalgia
Sore throat
Cough
Malaise
Headache

Symptoms can vary in severity and may last several days.

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What types of influenza cause seasonal epidemics?

Types C and D primarily affect animals and do not cause widespread epidemics.

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What is the incubation period for COVID-19?

2-14 days

Symptoms can vary widely and may include respiratory and gastrointestinal issues.

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What is pneumonia?

Inflammation/infection of the lungs

Pneumonia can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or chemical agents.

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What are the types of pneumonia?

Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Aspiration
Ventilator-associated (VAP)
Hospital-acquired (HAP)
Community-acquired (CAP)
Walking
Double

Each type has different causes and implications for treatment.

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Who is at risk for pneumonia?

Very young
Very old
Smokers
Chronic lung disease sufferers
Compromised immune systems
Alcohol use

These individuals may have a higher likelihood of developing pneumonia.

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What diagnostic tools are used for pneumonia?

Chest X-ray (CXR)
Sputum culture
CBC (elevated WBCs)
ABGs (hypoxemia)
Blood culture
Electrolytes (dehydration)

These tests help identify the presence and severity of pneumonia.

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What are some therapeutic measures for pneumonia?

Antibiotics (ATBs)
Supplemental oxygen
Bronchodilators
Expectorants
Anti-inflammatories
Rest
Fluids

Treatment plans may vary based on the type and severity of pneumonia.

What is acute bronchitis?

Inflammation/irritation of the lining of the bronchial tree

Acute bronchitis often follows a respiratory infection.

What is bronchiectasis?

Dilation of the bronchial airways

Symptoms include purulent sputum, cough, wheeze, crackles, fever, and right-sided heart failure.

What is asthma?

Chronic inflammation of the airways leading to hyperresponsiveness of bronchial smooth muscles

Asthma can be triggered by various allergens and irritants.

What are common symptoms of asthma?

Wheezing
Chest tightness
Dyspnea
Coughing
Difficulty moving air
Panic and anxiety

Symptoms can vary in intensity and frequency.

What is status asthmaticus?

Prolonged and uncontrolled bronchospasm that can lead to respiratory failure or death

Immediate medical intervention is critical in this condition.

What are the risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Male
Age
Obesity
Nasal conditions
Receding chin
Pharyngeal structural abnormalities
Neck circumference >17 inches

OSA can lead to serious health complications if untreated.

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A group of pulmonary disorders characterized by difficulty exhaling

COPD includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

What diagnostic tests are used for COPD?

Chest X-ray (CXR)
CT scan
ABGs
CBC
Sputum tests
Spirometry

These tests help assess lung function and structure.

What is tuberculosis?

Pulmonary infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ## Footnote Tuberculosis can be contagious and requires specific treatment protocols.

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?

* Fever * Weight loss * Productive cough * Chest pain * Night sweats * Fatigue ## Footnote Night sweats are particularly indicative of tuberculosis.

What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Foreign body in the pulmonary artery resulting in obstruction of blood flow and collapse of lung ## Footnote PE can be caused by blood clots, fat, air, tumors, or amniotic fluid.

What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

* Dyspnea * Chest pain * Anxiety * Rapid respiratory rate * Hypoxia * Diaphoresis * Diminished lung sounds ## Footnote Symptoms can appear suddenly and may require immediate medical attention.

What is pneumothorax?

Collapsed lung due to a collection of air in the pleural space ## Footnote Pneumothorax can occur spontaneously or due to injury.

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space ## Footnote It is often secondary to conditions like pleurisy or infections.

What is respiratory failure?

Inability to maintain adequate blood gas values ## Footnote This condition can lead to hypoxemia and hypercapnia.

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A state of acute respiratory failure due to inflammatory response in the lung ## Footnote ARDS can be caused by various factors, including infections and trauma.

What are common therapeutic measures for ARDS?

* Oxygen therapy * Benzodiazepines * Corticosteroids * Treating the underlying cause * Antibiotics * Intubation ## Footnote Management of ARDS often requires intensive care support.