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Opthalmology > Acute red eye > Flashcards

Acute red eye Flashcards

1
Q

Blepharitis

A

inflammation fo the eyelid margins

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2
Q

symptoms of blepharitis

A

sore eyes, gritty, occassionaly red

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3
Q

examination of blepharitis

A
  • hyperaemic lid margins
  • crusts on lashes
  • blocked merbomian gland orifices
  • merbomian cysts (when glands get really blocked)
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4
Q

Complications of blepharitis

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • merbomian cysts
  • marginal keratitis (inflammation of outer edge of cornea)
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5
Q

Treatment of blepharitis

A
  • warm compresses to remove trapped lipids from glands
  • lid hygeine
  • antibiotic ointment
  • sub-antimicrobial dose of tetracyclines for 3 months to reduce inflammation
  • occular lubricants
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6
Q

stye

A
  • infected hair folicule

- treat with lid hygeine, doesn’t need Abx

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7
Q

entropion/ectropion

A

entropion - in-turning of lower lid - lashes irritate surface of eye
ectropion - eversion of lower lid
both require surgical correction

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8
Q

Symptoms and signs of corneal abscess

A

symptoms - moderate/severe pain, photophobia, reduced vision, discharge
Signs - generalised deep redness, yellow patch on cornea, iris features indistinct

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9
Q

Scleritis

A

inflammation of sclera

  • Symptoms - severe pain, awake at night, worse on movement, vision may be reduced
  • Signs - intensely red eye, sectoral or generalised
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10
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of conjunctiva

  • Symptoms - sticky/gritty/stringy discharge, vision not affected
  • Signs - mild redness of entire eye surface, normal pupil, clear cornea
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11
Q

Episcleritis

A

inflammation of episclera (clear layer on top of sclera)

  • Symptoms - irritation, vision not affected
  • Signs - sectoral redness, visual acuity normal
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12
Q

Anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of iris

  • Symptoms: moderate pain, photophobia, watery discharge, vision may be reduced
  • Signs: circumcorneal redness, constricted pupil
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13
Q

Acute angle close glaucoma

A

Raised IOP due to blocked draingage of aqueous humour

  • Symptoms: sudden painful loss of vision, vomiting
  • Signs: generalised redness, oval mid-dilated pupil
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14
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A
  • sticky/gritty/stringy discharge, vision not affected
  • mild redness of entire surface of eye, normal pupil, clear cornea, purulent discharge
  • cause: staph/strep/haemophilius
  • treatment: antibiotic drops, general hygeine
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15
Q

Viral conjunctivitis

A
  • symptoms: watery discharge, gritty, vision not affected, associated with URTI
  • signs: gneralised redness, small corneal erosions, watery discharge and enlarged preauricular lymph nodes
  • cause: adenovirus
  • treatment: general hygeiene, lubricants
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16
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

A
  • unilateral red eye in young male
  • red watery eye, gritty, foreign body sensation, follicular reaction
  • chronic
  • sexually acquired
  • requires systemic antibiotics
17
Q

Allergic conjunctivits

A
  • acute red itchy eye, chemosis, vision not affected

- no treatment required

18
Q

Cicatrising conjunctivitis

A
  • conjunctivitis that causes scarring

- causes: physical (heat/radiation/chemicals), infections, drugs, eye disorders, tumours, systemic disorders

19
Q

Keratits

A

inflammation of the cornea

20
Q

Bacterial keratitis

A
  • Symptoms - moderate pain, photophobia, reduced vision, discharge
  • Signs - generalised deep redness, yellow patch on cornea
  • diagnosis - corneal scrape - MC&S
  • cause - wide range of bacteria
  • intense treatment:
  • —- sterilisation: broad spectrum Abx, cylopegics, intraoccular hypotensives, ——healing: steroids and lubricants
21
Q

Viral ketatitis

A
  • cause - herpes simplex type 1
  • symptoms - reduced vision, unliateral red eye, pain, photopobia
  • examination - reduced corneal sensation, branching ulcer
  • treatment: antiviral ointment (aciclovir), dilate pupil. DO NOT use steroids
22
Q

Scleritis - what is it? symptoms? signs?

A
  • inflammation of the sclera
  • symptoms - severe pain that is worse at night/on movement, vision may be reduced, may be recurrent
  • signs - intensely red eye, scleral involvement and thinning
23
Q

Cause of scleritis

A

mainly idiopathic, but..

  • connective tissue or vasculitic disease e.g. RA
  • infections
24
Q

Treatment of scleritis

A
  • oral NSAIDs for mild cases
  • topical steroids as supplementary therapy
  • systemic steroids/pulsed immunosupression for severe cases
25
Q

Complications of scleritis

A
  • visual loss
  • scleral thinning
  • perforation of the globe
  • optic disc and macular oedema
26
Q

Endopthalmitis

A

infection inside the eye

serious complication of catarcts surgery that can lead to loss of vision

27
Q

Uveitis - symptoms, signs, cause

A

inflammation of iris

  • moderate unilateral pain, photophobia, watery discharge, blurred vision
  • circumcorneal redness, constricted pupil, keratic preciptates
  • causes - mainly unknown, occurs 20-50 and associated with ankylosing spondylitis
28
Q

Uveitis examination

A

examined using slit lamp

  1. flare (albumin leaks from iris vessels)
  2. inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber
  3. miosis
  4. posterior synechiae (ahesions between iris and lens)
29
Q

Complications of uveitis

A
  • raised IOP
  • recurrence
  • if becomes chronic –> secondary cataract and macular oedema –> r
30
Q

Treatment of uveitis

A

dilate pupil to prevent ciliary spasm (using cyclopegic) and then break posterior synechiae

31
Q

Symptoms and signs of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

symp: sudden loss of vision, nausea and vomiting, occular pain, headache, haloes when IOP high
signs: generalised redness, oval and mid-dilated pupil, cloudy cornea

32
Q

Cause of acute ange closure glaucoma

A

iris attached to lens - aqueous humour can’t drain properly

  • primary hypermetropia
  • secondary hypermature cataract
33
Q

Treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma

A

initially medical to reduce IOP, then surgery/laser to allow aqueous outflow

  • medical: acetazolamide, pilocarpine, IV hypertonic mannitorl
  • laser: iridotomy
  • surgery: iridectomy, lensectomy
34
Q

Orbital cellulitis

A

infection of orbit - life-threatening as infection can track back to brain

35
Q

signs and symptoms of orbital cellulitis

A

red oedematous conjunctiva, reduced eye movements, proptosis (eye moves forward), reduced vision (optic nerve involvement), unwell, associated with adjacent sinusitis

36
Q

Treatment of orbital cellulitis

A

admit
IV antibiotics
urgent CT
ENT referral

Opthalmology (2 decks)

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