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Clinical Hematology 2 > Acute Leukemia > Flashcards

Acute Leukemia Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of acute leukemia

A
  1. ACUTE MYELOID/MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA (AML) / ACUTE NON-LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ANLL)
  2. ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)
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2
Q

Acute leukemia is CHARACTERIZED BY what, in the peripheral blood and bone marrow?

A
  1. PRESENCE OF BLASTS
  2. IMMATURE LEUKOCYTES
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3
Q

Presence of anemia may be CAUSES BY what?

A

BLEEDING

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4
Q

What lab finding may be elevated in such case?

A

TOTAL LEUKOCYTE COUNT

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5
Q

Other names for acute myeloid leukemia

A

ACUTE MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA / ACUTE NON-LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ANLL)

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6
Q

FAB Classification is based on the following:

A
  1. WRIGHT-STAINED CELLS (peripheral blood / bone marrow)
  2. CYTOCHEMICAL STAINING (blast)
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7
Q

FAB Classification system is based on

A

TYPE OF CELL from which the leukemia developed and the maturity of cells

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8
Q

WHO Classification is based on

A
  1. MORPHOLOGY
  2. CYTOCHEMISTRY
  3. GENETICS
  4. IMMUNOPHENOTYPE
  5. CLINICAL FEATURES
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9
Q

WHO Classification is used to

A

Define clinically significant disease entities

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10
Q

What is the most common leukemia subtype?

A

ACUTE MYELOID / MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA / ACUTE NON-LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

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11
Q

AML is recognized as this…, which has a characterization of MATURATION BLOCK and ACCUMULATION of acquired somatic genetic alterations in hematopoietic progenitor cells that alter NORMAL MECHANISMS OF SELF-RENEWAL, PROLIFERATION, and DIFFERENTIATION

A

HETEROGENOUS CLONAL DISORDER

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12
Q

Positive result in Myeloperoxidase

A

BLACK / REDDISH BROWN CALLED PHI BODIES

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13
Q

Types of cytoplasmic staining for differentiation of AML (+) and ALL (-)

A
  1. MYELOPEROXIDASE
  2. SUDAN BLACK B
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14
Q

Why does the staining method must be fresh for myeloperoxidase?

A

Because enzymes are unstable

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15
Q

Myeloperoxidase is a marker for?

A

AUER RODS

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16
Q

How does auer rods in myeloperoxidase become a marker?

A

DUE TO PRIMARY GRANULES

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17
Q

What color is the positive result in myeloperoxidase?

A

BLACK / REDDISH BROWN

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18
Q

Term for the positive result in myeloperoxidase which has black precipitate or reddish brown.

A

PHI BODIES

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19
Q

What does Sudan Black B stains?

A
  1. LIPIDS
  2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
20
Q

True / False : Sudan Black B can either use air dry or fresh stain.

A

TRUE

21
Q

Positive color in Sudan Black B

A

BLACK

22
Q

Staining method for differentiation of granulocytic leukemia and monocytic leukemia, and vise versa

A
  1. CHLOROACETATE ESTERASE / NAPTHOL AS-D / SPECIFIC ESTERASE
  2. NON-SPECIFIC ESTERASE
23
Q

Chloroacetate esterase / Napthol AS-D / Specific Esterase is uses for?

A

GRANULOCYTIC LINEAGE

24
Q

Positive result of Chloroacetate Esterase / Napthol AS-D / Specific Esterase has a what color of granules?

A

RED

25
Q

What does non-specific esterase stain?

A

MONOCYTIC LINEAGE
1. MEGAKARYOCYTES
2. MACROPHAGE

26
Q

Enumerate three stains in non-specific esterase.

A
  1. a-NAPHTHYL BUTYRATE ESTERASE
  2. a-NAPHTHYL ACETATE ESTERASE
  3. SODIUM FLUORIDE
27
Q

What can stain monocyte, megakaryocyte, and plasma cell?

A

ALPHA NAPHTHYL ACETATE ESTERASE

28
Q

a-naphthyl acetate esterase produces what color?

A

RED BROWN

29
Q

What color does sodium fluoride produce?

A

BLUE-GREEN

30
Q

a-naphthyl butyrate esterase produces what color?

A

DARK RED

31
Q

Inhibits monocytic series

A

SODIUM FLUORIDE

32
Q

Stain for monocytic series under non-specific esterase

A

A-NAPHTHYL BUTYRATE ESTERASE

33
Q

Periodic acid schiff (PAS) stains most carbohydrates in all red cells except

A

PRONORMOBLAST

34
Q

PAS is useful for what AML classification?

A

M6 / ERYTHROLEUKEMIA

35
Q

Has a positive color of either magenta or purple

A

PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)

36
Q

What are the following matters that may stained by PAS?

A
  1. PLASMA CELL
  2. LEUKOCYTIC SERIES
  3. ERYTHROCYTIC CELL SERIES
  4. BASOPHILS
37
Q

Stains ACP found in lysosomes in MYELOCYTIC lineage and LYMPHOCYTIC lineage

A

ACID PHOSPHATASE STAIN

38
Q

Identifies HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA

A

TARTARIC ACID

39
Q

Hairy Cell Leukemia is resistant to?

A

L-TARTRATE (L-TRAP)

40
Q

Acid phosphatase stain uses what anticoagulant?

A

HEPARIN

41
Q

Heparin in acid phosphatase stain produces a positive color of?

A

PURPLE TO RED GRANULES

42
Q

Stains all

A

TERMINAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE (TdT)

43
Q

What’s the reason why terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) can stains ALL?

A

DUE TO POLYMERASE IMMUNOPEROXIDASE

44
Q

Staining method for differentiation of ALL and AML

A

TERMINAL DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE (TdT)

45
Q

Toluodine blue / metachromatic stain is for?

A

ACID MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDE of mast cell and basophils

Clinical Hematology 2 (1 decks)

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