Acute Kidney Injury Flashcards
What are the three main types of AKI?
Prerenal, Intrinsic, and Postrenal.
What causes prerenal AKI?
Decreased kidney perfusion (e.g., volume depletion, decreased circulating volume).
What is intrinsic AKI?
Injury to kidney structures such as glomerular, tubular, or vascular components.
What is postrenal AKI caused by?
Lower urinary tract obstruction.
Why is AKI challenging to manage?
It remains difficult to prevent and treat despite advancements in understanding its mechanisms.
Why is the incidence of AKI increasing?
Due to advancements in intensive care and medical technologies.
What is the prognosis of AKI in critically ill children?
It is an independent risk factor for increased mortality and morbidity.
What is the emerging focus in AKI research?
Early biomarkers for timely detection and improved intervention.
Why was the term ‘Acute Kidney Injury’ adopted instead of ‘Acute Renal Failure’?
To reflect the spectrum of kidney dysfunction.
What is the definition of AKI?
An abrupt decrease in GFR and increased serum creatinine, resulting in impaired acid/electrolyte regulation and waste/fluid retention.
What does RIFLE stand for?
Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage Renal Disease.
What is the RIFLE classification used for?
Staging of AKI in adults and correlating with mortality risk.
What does pRIFLE stand for?
Pediatric version of RIFLE, focusing on creatinine clearance and urine output changes.
What parameters are used in pRIFLE?
Estimated creatinine clearance and urine output.
Why is pRIFLE important in pediatrics?
It is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality in children.
What is the AKIN classification?
Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria that incorporate small creatinine changes.
How does KDIGO differ from RIFLE and AKIN?
KDIGO combines features of both RIFLE and AKIN and includes pediatric-specific measures.
What are the limitations of KDIGO in pediatrics?
Lack of robust validation in the pediatric population.
What is a major testable difference between RIFLE, pRIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO?
Their criteria and applicability to different populations, with pRIFLE focused on pediatrics.
Why are biomarkers important in AKI?
They aid in early diagnosis and potentially improve outcomes.
What are the management gaps in AKI?
Limited therapeutic options and reliance on preventive strategies.
What should be prioritized in managing AKI in ICU settings?
Early detection using biomarkers and severity assessment using standardized criteria.
What criteria are critical for recognizing AKI severity in pediatrics?
pRIFLE and KDIGO.
What complications can arise from AKI?
Increased mortality, morbidity, and long-term kidney dysfunction.
Why is research in AKI prevention important?
To develop better therapeutic options and improve patient outcomes.
