Acute Inflammation & Cardinal Manifestations

Question 1

What are the 3 lines of defense?

Answer 1

1st-mucous membranes and skin
2nd: inflammation
3rd- immune response

Question 2

What is the difference between the three lines of defense?

Answer 2

First line of defense–using tears, saliva, stomach acid, etc. Normal processes without triggering a response to something!

Second line of defense–inflammatory response–does not have to be an infection but could also be an injury that is causing inflammation.

Third line of defense–immune response; specific and triggered by something.

Question 3

What is etiology?

Answer 3

Etiology is any damage or alteration to normal tissue that the body does not want. Does not have to be infectious!!!! Ex. trauma/surgery, radiation, extreme heat or cold.

Question 4

What are the two major components of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Vascular and cellular response

Question 5

What happens with vascular response?

Answer 5

Vascular response–blood flow increases to injury site and increase of blood vessel permeability at the site (to have cells get out of the cell and to where they need to go.

Question 6

What happens with cellular response?

Answer 6

Cellular response–removing the bad thing which relies on inflammatory mediators.

Question 7

What are the two major anatomic changes to vessels in the vascular response and why do they occur?

Answer 7

Increased dilation and increased permeability–allows things to move into the blood and get to where they need to go easier.

Question 8

What are the three different types of capillaries and where are they found?

Answer 8

Continuous capillaries–most common type

Fenestrated capillaries–endocrine organs, intestinal walls, choroid plexus (brain)

Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)–bone marrow, liver, spleen

THESE ARE IN ORDER FOR LEAST TO MOST POROUS/PERMEABLE

Question 9

What are the three major patterns of vascular responses?

Answer 9

Immediate transient–minor injury (slap on the face, papercut, etc)

Immediate sustained–major injury (lacerations, ankle sprain, etc)

Delayed hemodynamic–4-24 hours after injury (sunburn, frostbite, etc).

Question 10

What is an example of something that requires an immediate transient response?

Answer 10

Minor injury–slap on the face, papercut, etc

Question 11

What is an example of something that requires an immediate sustained response?

Answer 11

major injury (lacerations, ankle sprain, etc)

Question 12

What is an example of something that requires a delayed hemodynamic response?

Answer 12

Delayed hemodynamic–4-24 hours after injury (sunburn, frostbite, etc).

Question 13

What are the 4 steps to cellular response?

Answer 13

Marginalization/adhesion
Migration
Chemotaxis
phagocytosis

Question 14

What happens during migration/adhesion?

Answer 14

Cytokines are released which leads to more selectins. And leukocytes slow down and stick to vessel walls

Question 15

What happens during migration?

Answer 15

Leukocytes extend pseudopods and pass through cell wall ameboid movement

Question 16

What happens during chemotaxis?

Answer 16

Leukocytes travel through tissues to injury site

Question 17

What happens during phagocytosis?

Answer 17

3 steps: recognition and adherence; engulfment; intracellular killing

Question 18

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 18

An increase in the number of WBCs–typically caused by inflammation or infection.

Question 19

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

Answer 19

Neutrophils, eusophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes.

Question 20

What are neutrophils?

Answer 20

The 1st responders; they arrive about 90 minutes after injury and live for about 10 hours. Can also be seen as Bands or left shift which is an immature neutrophil–when the body needs extra help to fight , they get released early before completion.

Question 21

What is the difference between neutrophilia and neutropenia?

Answer 21

Neutropenia is a decrease in neutrophils due to viral infection and neutrophilia is an increase in neutrophils due to bacterial infection

Question 22

What are eosinophils?

Answer 22

They are increased with allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They look red under the microscope.

Question 23

What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils due to parasitic infection OR allergic rx.

Answer 23

What is eosinophilia?
An increase in eosinophils due to parasitic infection OR allergic rx.

Question 24

What are basophils?

Answer 24

Released due to inflammation and allergic rxns. They release histamine and bonds with IGE.

Question 25

What are mast cells?

Answer 25

They are like basophils but in connective tissue and mucosal surfaces (NOT bloodstream). Released due to allergic rxns and parasitic infections. “Sentinel position”–immediately releases antihistamine?

Question 26

What are monocytes?

Answer 26

The SWAT team; acts like a macrophage. They are the slowest to respond (after about 24 hours) but last 48 hours.

Question 27

What releases histamines?

Answer 27

Mast cells, platelets, and basophils.

Question 28

What are prostaglandins (PG)?

Answer 28

Involved in pain response; they induce inflammation and potentiate effects of other inflammatory mediators, especially histamine. (NSAIDs)

Question 29

What do histamines do?

Answer 29

Help with vasodilation and permeability via the H1 receptor.

Question 30

What is thrombin?

Answer 30

An enzyme that aids in clotting.