Acute Inflammation

Question 1

what are the most common and medically mediated acute inflammation?

Answer 1

infections ( bacterial, parasitic, fungal & viral )

Question 2

Hyperemia is the first phase that occurs in acute inflammation. it occurs mainly under the effect of?

Answer 2

histamine

Question 3

redness ( erythema ) and warmth is the characteristics of acute inflammation, which is mainly caused by ?

Answer 3

hyperemia

Question 4

increased vascular permeability leads to the accumulation of protein - rich fluid ka ____ into the tissues by osmosis. it occurs as a result of;

1. ____ cell contraction leading to intercellular gaps . this contraction occurs due to the effect of chemical mediators ___ & ___.
2. ___?_____.

Answer 4

exudate
endothelial
histamine & bradykinin
endothelial injury due to burns and some infection.

Question 5

beneficial effects of fluid exudate( 5 pts )

Answer 5

1. dilution of toxins produced by bacteria
2. entry of antibodies .
3. transport of antibiotics
4. fibrin formation to impede the micro-organisms movements thus trapping them.
5. delivery of oxygen and nutrients for active cells such as neutrophils

Question 6

the process of neutrophils to flow in the plasmatic zone is known as?

Answer 6

margination

Question 7

the process of adhesion of neutrophils to the vascular endothelium at the sites of acute inflammation is called ?

Answer 7

pavementing

Question 8

the leukocytes migrate through the vessel wall primarily by squeezing between cells at intercellular junctions. this occurs mainly in the ___?

Answer 8

venules

Question 9

red cells may escape from the vessels , but the process is passive and depends on hydrostatic pressure .
the statements refers which process ?

Answer 9

Diapedesis

Question 10

chemotactic factors includes? ( 4 pts )

Answer 10

1. bacterial products
2. cytokines
3. c5 - complement system
4. arachidonic acid (AA) particularly leukotrine B4 (LTB4)

Question 11

in acute inflammation macrophages paly a ___ role than neutrophils .

Answer 11

lesser

Question 12

redness & hotness that occurs in acute inflammation is ka?

Answer 12

flare

Question 13

pain that occurs in acute inflammation is due to

Answer 13

1. nerve compression by exudate

2. irritation by mediators as bradykinin and prostaglandin E2

Question 14

what is the simple test for systemic inflammatory response?

Answer 14

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Question 15

what are the systemic effects of acute inflammation?

Answer 15

fever : cytokines stimulate production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus which inturn stimulate the production of neurotransmitters which function to reset the temperature set point at a higher level.
production of acute phase proteins such as C- reactive protein, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen are secreted in excess under the effect of cytokines.
cytokines stimulate production of leukocytes from precursors in the bone marrow.

Question 16

what are pyogenic organisms?

Answer 16

staphylococci, gonococci, pneumococci. —> pus forming organisms.

Question 17

receptors recognize host proteins known as ____ that coat microbes and target them for phagocytosis , this process is called _____.

Answer 17

oposonins; oposonization

Question 18

pus fluid doesnot co agulate on standing because ?

Answer 18

fibrin is liquified

Question 19

pus is yellow in case of ____ infection due to ____ pigments.

Answer 19

staphylococcal ; bacterial

Question 20

pus is sangineous ( blood stained ) in case of ____ infection

Answer 20

streptococcal

Question 21

pus is green in case of ____ infection

Answer 21

pyocyaneous

Question 22

localized suppurative infection is caused mainly by ____ which secrete ____ enzyme.

Answer 22

staphylococci aureus , coagulase

Question 23

____ family of adhesion molecules mediates rolling? ___ receptors expressed on leukocytes and endothelium.

Answer 23

selectins

Question 24

lunge abscess causes ______

Answer 24

gangrene

Question 25

brain abscess resulting in _____.

Answer 25

increased intracranial tension

Question 26

liver abscess resulting in _____.

Answer 26

obstructive jaundice.

Question 27

furuncle: folliculitis

Answer 27

staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles

Question 28

______ is more common in diabetes and commonly seen at the ______

Answer 28

carbuncle ; back of the neck

Question 29

the basement membrane is dissolved by ____

Answer 29

collagenases

Question 30

swelling (the ____) due to accumulation of ____.

Answer 30

wheal, exudate