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Pathology > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A
  • response of vascularized tissues to infection and damaged tissues (cell injury)
  • protective response essential for survival
  • intimately associated with repair process
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2
Q

What is the purpose of inflammation?

A
  • to bring cells & molecules from the circulation to the sites
  • to eliminate agent or cause of cell injury
  • to clear necrotic cells & tissues arising from injury
  • to initiate repair process
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3
Q

What are the main cells involved in acute inflammation?

A

Mainly neutrophils

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4
Q

General causes of acute inflammation

A
  • allergic reaction
  • frostbite
  • chemical irritants
  • infection
  • burn
  • trauma
  • cuts, laceration, stabbing
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5
Q

What are the general causes of chronic inflammation?

A
  • cardiovascular disease
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • autoimmune disease
  • neurological disease
  • cancer
  • acute inflammation
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6
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A
  • transient and early response to injury
  • characterized by release of chemical mediators
  • leads to small vessels and leucocytes response
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7
Q

Signs of acute inflammation

A
  • Heat (calor) due to vasodilatation
  • Redness (rubor) due to vasodilatation
  • Swelling (tumor) due to vascular permeability
  • Pain (dolor) due to certain mediators or swelling
  • Loss of function (functio laesa) due to pain or swelling
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8
Q

Major components of acute inflammation

A

Vascular and cellular changes

Vessels: vasodilatation & permeability
Cellular: extravasation & proliferative

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9
Q

Sequential vascular events

A
  1. Transient vasoconstriction
  2. Persistent vasodilatation
  3. Increase permeability of venules
  4. Swelling of tissue (edema)
  5. Reduced blood flow
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10
Q

Examples of mediators causing vasodilation or smooth muscle relaxation

A

Histamine and nitric oxide

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11
Q

Effects of persistent vasodilatation in acute inflammation

A
  • causes increased blood flow to the area
  • causes redness and warmth
  • lead to high local hydrostatic pressure which causes transudation of fluid in extracellular space
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12
Q

Why vascular changes of acute inflammation only increases permeability of the venules and not arterioles?

A

Because tight junction is simpler in venules than arterioles

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13
Q

How does histamine or vasodilatation causes increased permeability of venules in acute inflammation

A

Histamine or other mediators contract endothelial cells in venules which causes endothelial gaps

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14
Q

How does swelling of tissue occur in vascular changes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Exudation of protein rich fluid.
  2. Will cause low intravascular osmotic pressure but high osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid (IF)
  3. This will cause outflow of water and ions - swelling
  4. Net outflow of fluid from venules exceeds the capacity of lymphatics to remove fluid
  5. Swelling of tissue (edema, tumor)
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15
Q

What causes reduced blood flow in vascular changes of acute inflammation?

A

Due to outflow of fluid into the interstitial tissue and increased uptake of fluid by lymphatics

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16
Q

How do vessels become permeable?

A
  • endothelial cells contraction
  • direct endothelial injury
  • leukocyte-dependent endothelial injury
17
Q

What are the 2 processes involved in the sequential cellular events in acute inflammation?

A
  1. Exudation of leucocytes

2. Phagocytosis

18
Q

How do leucocytes escape into the interstitial tissue (leucocyte migration)?

A
  1. Changes in blood
  2. Margination and rolling
  3. Adhesion and transmigration
  4. Emigration into interstitial tissue
  5. Role of chemotaxis
19
Q

Describe the changes in vessel during cellular events of acute inflammation

A
  • Vasodilatation causes stasis.
  • There will be disruption of normal axial blood flow
  • Plasma loss during exudation also disrupts the flow
  • causes neutrophils to come closer to the vessel walls which will cause margination
20
Q

What facilitates margination in cellular events of acute inflammation?

A
  • plasma lost/exudation
  • release of fibrinogen
  • RBC rouleoux
  • pushed neutrophils to peripheral
  • neutrophils come close to the vessel wall
21
Q

What faciliates rolling and adhesion of leucocytes?

A

Rolling is facilitated by Selectins

Adhesion is facilitated by ICAM (which help localise leucocytes to site of injury)

22
Q

Emigration of leucocytes is facilitated by….

A

PECAM-1 : assist leucocyte to pass through the intercellular junction

Colagenases : help degrade basement membrane so it can pass through

23
Q

What is the role of chemotaxis in exudation of leucocytes

A

Chemotactic factor mediate the transmigration of leucocytes to reach the interstitial tissue (site of injury)

Examples of chemotactic factors:

  • complement components (CA5)
  • arachidonic acid metabolites (LTB4)
  • soluble bacterial products (lipoteichoic acid)
  • chemokines, cytokines (IL8)

Pathology (6 decks)

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