Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Features of acute inflammation

Answer 1

• Immediate
• short duration
• innate
• limited damage

Question 2

When is transudate formed

Answer 2

Heart failure - pooling of blood in vessels increases hydrostatic pressure
Liver failure - less plasma proteins are formed decreasing oncotic pressure

Renal failure - proteinuria decreases oncotic pressure

Question 3

Mechanisms of increased vascular permeability

Answer 3

• endothelial contraction: histamine and leukotrienes
• cytoskeleton remodelling: IL-1 and TNF
• Direct injury
• Leucocyte dependent injury - toxic oxygen species released

Question 4

How does oedema limit damage

Answer 4

• Dilutes toxin
• Delivers plasma proteins - fibrin, immunoglobulins and inflammatory mediators
• increases lymphatic drainage
• delivers antigens to lymph nodes for adaptive immune response

Question 5

Chemical mediators that cause vasodilation

Answer 5

Histamine
Serotonin
Prostaglandins
NO

Question 6

Chemical mediators that cause increased vascular permeability

Answer 6

Histamine
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes
C5a

Question 7

Chemical mediators that cause chemotaxis

Answer 7

C5a
Leukotriene B4
Cytokines : TNF And IL-1
Bacterial peptides

Question 8

Chemical mediators that cause fever

Answer 8

Prostaglandins

Cytokines: IL1, IL6 and TNF

Question 9

Chemical mediators that cause pain

Answer 9

Bradykinin
Substance P
Prostaglandins

Question 10

Consequences of acute phase response

Answer 10

Malaise
Reduced appetite
Altered sleep
Tachycardia

Question 11

Signs, risk factors and causative organisms of pneumonia

Answer 11

Signs:

• SOB
• fever
• productive cough
• chest pain

Risk factors:

• smoking
• pre - existing lung condition e.g. COPD

Causative organism:

• strep pneumonia
• haemophilus influenzae