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acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Microbial infection
  2. hypersensitivity reactions (ie allergic response)
  3. physical agents eh burns, piece of glass
  4. chemical agents eg HCL acid
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2
Q

5 indicators of acute inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. Heat
  3. swelling
  4. loss of function
  5. Pain
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3
Q

What causes swelling in acute inflammation?

A

oedema (ie the collection of exudate in tissue) plus increase volume due to inflammatory cells

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4
Q

what causes the redness?

A

dilation of blood vessels

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5
Q

why might experience pain?

A

stimulation of nerve endings by pressure and chemical mediators

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6
Q

what allows capillary beds to open?

A

capillary sphincters open

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7
Q

what continuously removes the exudate?

A

lymphatic system

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8
Q

what happens to the blood vessels during the vascular phase?

A

they dilate and become more leaky/ permeable

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9
Q

describe the protein content of exudate and the effect out has on the water balance

A

the exudate has a very high protein content (almost at that of blood plasma), this reduces the water concentration gradient between the blood and the tissue fluid. This means there is a net flow of fluid out of the capillaries resulting in swelling.

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10
Q

name a protein you will find in exudate

A

immunoglobin

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11
Q

function of immunoglobulins

A

destroy invading pathogens

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12
Q

What is the transudate?

A

The extravascular fluid that exists around blood capillaries due to high hydrostatic pressure forcing it out

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13
Q

during an acute inflammatory response does the permeability of capillary walls increase or decrease?

A

incr

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14
Q

does the transudate have a low protein cont?

A

yes

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15
Q

describe chemotaxis

A

movement along a concentration gradient- from where there is a low conc of a chemical to where there is a high conc of a chemical

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16
Q

how do the receptors on the surface of the neutrophil help it carry out chemotaxis?

A

as the cell moves from an area of low conc of the signally substance to an area of higher conc, more and more receptor sites get filled.

17
Q

name some chemostatic compounds

A

bacterial products, products of neutrophil activity

18
Q

What causes the reaction to spread from injured areas to uninjured areas?

A

chemical substances which are released from cells and plasma

19
Q

5 things chemical mediators can cause

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. emigration of neutrophils
  3. chemotaxis
  4. increased vascular permeability
  5. itching and pain
20
Q

name the 4 enzymatic cascade systems which help mediate the inflammatory response

A
  1. complement system
  2. the kinins
  3. the coagulation factors
  4. fibrinolytic system
21
Q

what is necrotic tissue?

A

dead tissue

22
Q

what do neutrophils do to necrotic tissue?

A

degrade it

23
Q

what 3 things do neutrophils do?

A
  1. ingest and kill invading agents (by phagocytosis)
  2. degrade necrotic tissue
  3. produce chemical mediators, toxic oxygen radicals and enzymes
24
Q

what increases the recognition of mircroorganisms?

A

opsonins

25
Q

Name 3 major opsonins

A
  1. Fc fragment of IgG
  2. C3b
  3. collectins
26
Q

what are collectins?

A

opsonins that are plasma proteins which bind to microbial cell walls

27
Q

what are opsonins?

A

molecules that attach to pathogens to help phagocytic cells take them up

28
Q

what is suppuration?

A

the process of pus forming

29
Q

What do you find in pus?

A

neutrophils, bacteria, cellular debris

30
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A collection of pus surrounded by a membrane of sprouting capillaries, neutrophils and the occasional fibroblast

31
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

A local defect/ excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing off of inflammatory necrotic tissue

32
Q

What benefit does swelling have?

A

It dilutes the toxins in the infected area, they are then carried away by lymphatics

33
Q

the benefit of fibrin formation

A

stops movement of microorganisms from site of infection

34
Q

describe netosis

A

the process whereby neutrophils expel their DNA which traps bacteria and prevents them from moving away

35
Q

How does an inflammatory response stimulate an immune response?

A

Lots of fluid exudate floods the area, it will pick up antigens (on activated WBC /loose/on pathogens) and be carried away by local lymph nodes where the antigens can stimulate an immune response

36
Q

name some harmful effects of acute inflammation

A
  1. digestion of normal tissues (due to release of lysosomes )
  2. swelling in a confined space eg laryngeal oedema, brain swelling
  3. inappropriate inflammatory response eg type 1 hypersensitivity
  4. excessive release fo cytokines resulting in hyperpyrexia, shock and death

Inflammation (1 decks)

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