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General Pathology Boards - Inflammation > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Effusions: Its presence implies that there is an increase in the permeability of small blood vessels triggered by some sort of tissue injury and an ongoing inflammatory reaction.

A

Exudate

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2
Q

a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin), little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity. It is essentially an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that is produced as a result of osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance across the vessel wall without an increase in vascular permeability

A

Transudate

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3
Q

excess of fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities

A

Edema

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4
Q

an inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and, in many cases, microbes.

A

Pus/suppurative exudate

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5
Q

Vasodilation is largely induced by ___ in acute inflammation

A

Histamine

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6
Q

The most common mechanism of vascular leakage . It is elicited by histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and other chemical mediators. It is called the immediate transient response because it occurs rapidly after exposure to the mediator and is usually short-lived (15 to 30 minutes

A

Endothelial cell contraction with resultant interendothelial space increases.

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7
Q

vascular leakage begins after a delay of 2 to 12 hours and lasts for several hours or even days;

A

Delayed prolonged leakage; late sun burn

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8
Q

Increased transport of fluids and proteins

through a cell

A

Transcytosis

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9
Q

Normal function of lymphatics

A

drain the small amount of extravascular fluid that has seeped out of capillaries

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10
Q

red streaks near a skin wound is a telltale sign of

A

infection in a wound; following the trail of lymphatics = lymphangitis

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11
Q

Important molecules in leukocyte extravasation: ___ in rolling; _____ (usually displayed bound to proteoglycans) in activating the neutrophils to increase avidity of integrins; ____ in firm adhesion; and _____ in transmigration.

A

selectins
chemokines
integrins
CD31 (PECAM-1)

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12
Q

3 types of selectins:
Bind to leukocytes
Bind to endothelium
Bind to platelets and endothelium

A

L-selectin
E-selectin
P-selectin

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13
Q

Tissue macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells that encounter microbes and dead tissues respond by secreting
TNF and IL1 - function?
Chemokines - function?
Other mediators such as histamine and thrombin stimulate what?

A
  1. cause endothelial cells to upregulate E selectin and ligand for L-selectin
  2. Attract WBC along a concentration gradient
  3. Luminal relocation of P-selectin in endothelial cells
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14
Q

TNF and IL-1 induce endothelial expression of ligands for integrins, mainly

A

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1

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15
Q

Endogenous chemoattractants

A

1) cytokines , particularly those of the chemokine family (e.g., IL-8); (2) com­ponents of the complement system, particularly C5a ; and (3) arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, mainly leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 )

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16
Q

How is chemotaxis initiated in leukocytes?

A

Binding of endogenous or exogenous chemoattractants, then activation of second messengers that increase cytosolic calcium and activate small guanosine triphosphatases of the Rac/Rho/cdc42 family as well as numerous kinases

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17
Q

How long does it take for monocytes to become the predominant cell type in an inflammatory response?

A

24-48 hours

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18
Q

Microbiocidal products derived from superoxide (O2-)

A

hypochlorite (HOCl − ) and hydroxyl radical ( − OH),

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19
Q

Microbiocidal products derived from NO

A

peroxynitrite (OONO − ).

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20
Q

mannose and fucose residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids are typically found on ____

A

microbes

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21
Q

mammalian glycoproteins and glycolipids contain terminal ____ or ____

A

sialic acid or N-acetylgalactosamine

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22
Q

Which cell has a mannose receptor?

A

Macrophage

23
Q

molecules that bind and mediate endocytosis of oxidized or acetylated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles that can no longer interact with the conventional LDL receptor

A

Occurs via scavenger receptors

24
Q

Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)

A

A macrophage integrin, may bind microbes for phagocytosis

25
Q

Major opsonins

A

IgG antibodies, the C3b breakdown product of complement, and certain plasma lectins, notably mannose-binding lectin

26
Q

How are ROS produced?

A

rapid assembly and activation of a multicomponent oxidase, NADPH oxidase (also called phagocyte oxidase), which oxidizes NADPH (reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and, in the process, reduces oxygen to superoxide anion.

27
Q

What is the production of ROS called in neutrophils?

A

Respiratory burst

28
Q

an enzyme complex consisting of at least seven proteins. In resting neutrophils, different components of the enzyme are located in the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm.

A

Phagocyte oxidase

29
Q

Where are ROS produced in the cell?

A

lysosome and phagolysosome

30
Q

What happens to hydrogen peroxide after it is produced in the cell?

A

the azurophilic granules of neutrophils contain the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which, in the presence of a halide such as Cl −, converts H2O2 to hypochlorite (the active ingredient in household bleach).

31
Q

How does hypochlorite destroy microbes?

A

destroys microbes by halogenation (in which the halide is bound covalently to cellular constituents) or by oxidation of proteins and lipids (lipid peroxidation).

32
Q

Endogenous antioxidants

A

(1) the enzyme superoxide dismutase , which is found in or can be activated in a variety of cell types; (2) the enzyme catalase , which detoxifies H2O2 ; (3) glutathione peroxidase, another powerful H2O2 detoxifier; (4) the copper-containing serum protein ceruloplasmin ; and (5) the iron-free fraction of serum transferrin .

33
Q

a soluble gas produced from arginine by the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS),

A

Nitric oxide

34
Q

iNOS, the type that is involved in microbial killing, is induced when…

A

macrophages and neutrophils are activated by cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ) or microbial products

35
Q

In macrophages, ___ reacts with ___ to generate the highly reactive free radical peroxynitrite (ONOO −).

A

NO; superoxide

36
Q

Are phagocyte oxidase or iNOS mutations severe?

A

No - there is overlap - mild immunodeficiencies result

37
Q

What do specific granules of neutrophils contain?

A

lysozyme, collagenase, gelatinase, lactoferrin, plasminogen activator, histaminase, and alkaline phosphatase

38
Q

What do azurophil granules of neutrophils contain?

A

myeloperoxidase, bactericidal factors (lysozyme, defensins), acid hydrolases, and a variety of neutral proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, nonspecific collagenases, proteinase 3).

39
Q

What do acid proteases do?

A

degrade bacteria and debris within the phagolysosomes , which are acidified by membrane-bound proton pumps

40
Q

What do neutral proteases do?

A

various extracellular components, such as collagen, basement membrane, fibrin, elastin, and cartilage, resulting in the tissue destruction that accompanies inflammatory processes. can also cleave C3 and C5 complement proteins directly, yielding anaphylatoxins, and release a kinin-like peptide from kininogen

41
Q

What is α 1-antitrypsin?

A

the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase. A deficiency of these inhibitors may lead to sustained action of leukocyte proteases, as is the case in patients with α 1-antitrypsin deficiency

42
Q

Defensins

A

cationic arginine-rich granule peptides that are toxic to microbes

43
Q

Cathelicidins

A

antimicrobial proteins found in neutrophils and other cells;

44
Q

Lysozyme

A

hydrolyzes the muramic acid- N -acetylglucosamine bond, found in the glycopeptide coat of all bacteria

45
Q

an iron-binding protein present in specific granules

A

Lactoferrin

46
Q

a cationic protein of eosinophils, which has limited bactericidal activity but is cytotoxic to many parasites

A

Major basic protein

47
Q

extracellular fibrillar networks that provide a high concentration of antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and prevent the spread of the microbes by trapping them in the fibrils

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

48
Q

NET formation in circulation is dependent on ____ activation.

A

Platelet

49
Q

The inability of the leukocytes to surround and ingest some substances, such as immune complexes

A

Frustrated phagocytosis

50
Q

IL-17 induces the secretion of ____

A

Chemokines that recruit other leukocytes

51
Q

In the absence of effective T H 17 responses, individuals are susceptible to fungal and bacterial infections, and the skin abscesses that develop are “______,” lacking the classic features of acute inflammation, such as warmth and redness.

A

Cold abscesses

52
Q

Where do plasma-derived mediators come from?

A

i.e. complement - are produced mainly in the liver and are present in the circulation as inactive precursors that must be activated, usually by a series of proteolytic cleavages, to acquire their biologic properties

53
Q

a preformed vasoactive mediator present in platelets and certain neuroendocrine cells, such as in the gastrointestinal tract, and in mast cells in rodents but not humans.

A

Serotonin

General Pathology Boards - Inflammation (2 decks)

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