acute inflammation Flashcards
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- redness
- swelling
- heat
- pain
- loss of function
5 steps of inflammatory response (Rs)
- Recognition of injurious agent
- recruitment of leukocytes
- removal of the agent
- regulation/control of the response
- repair
5 causes of inflammation
- infections
- tissue necrosis
- foreign bodies
- endogenous substance (ex: gout)
- immune responses (autoimmune disease)
3 major players in inflammatory reactions
- plasma proteins
- blood vessels
- leukocytes
Main type of leukocyte in acute inflammatory reactions
Neutrophils (PMNs)
Main leukocytes in chronic inflammation
- monocytes/macrophages
- lymphocytes
vascular change as one of the first manifestations of inflammation
vasodilation
what causes vasodilation?
histamine and other mediators
what is vascular stasis?
blood becomes more slower flowing
-leads to more heat and redness (erythema)
Transudate
extravascular fluid that has a low protein content and little to no cellular material
- usually where there is not inflammation
- ex: CHF, cerotic liver disease
Exudate
extravascular fluid that has a high protein content and much cellular debris
- appears cloudy
- indicates an inflammatory reaction
Edema
non-specific term for fluid that has built up in interstitial tissue or body cavity
-could be exudate or transudate
Pus
inflammatory exudate that is rich in neutrophils, dead cell debris, and often microbes
-implies inflammatory reaction
Effusion
non-specific term implying there is a fluid build up in a body cavity
Leukocyte recruitment
after changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, influx of neutrophils, macrophages into tissue
Margination
leukocytes move toward edge of blood vesssels
Rolling
mediated by “selectins,” rolling WBC binds and releases from selectins to slow it down
Adhesion
mediated by “integrins”, cell firmly attaches to endothelial cell
Transmigration
mediated by CD31 (PCAM1)
Chemotaxis
mediated by chemoattractant such as chemokines and microbes
Serous inflammation
cell-poor fluid leaks into spaces created by cell injury or body cavities
- typically not infected
- ex: skin blister following a burn
Fibrinous inflammation
- fibrinogen leaks out and fibrin is formed in extracellular spaces
- seen in acute renal failure
Purulent (suppurative) inflammation
-characterized by production of pus (exudate containing PMNs, necrotic cell debris, edema fluid)
Abscess
localized collection of pus
Ulcerative inflammation
local defect in the surface of a tissue due to sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
where does ulcerative inflammation occur?
areas of body lined by epithelium, such as genitourinary tract, GI tract, and skin
