acute inflammation

Question 1

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 1

• redness
• swelling
• heat
• pain
• loss of function

Question 2

5 steps of inflammatory response (Rs)

Answer 2

• Recognition of injurious agent
• recruitment of leukocytes
• removal of the agent
• regulation/control of the response
• repair

Question 3

5 causes of inflammation

Answer 3

• infections
• tissue necrosis
• foreign bodies
• endogenous substance (ex: gout)
• immune responses (autoimmune disease)

Question 4

3 major players in inflammatory reactions

Answer 4

• plasma proteins
• blood vessels
• leukocytes

Question 5

Main type of leukocyte in acute inflammatory reactions

Answer 5

Neutrophils (PMNs)

Question 6

Main leukocytes in chronic inflammation

Answer 6

• monocytes/macrophages

- lymphocytes

Question 7

vascular change as one of the first manifestations of inflammation

Answer 7

vasodilation

Question 8

what causes vasodilation?

Answer 8

histamine and other mediators

Question 9

what is vascular stasis?

Answer 9

blood becomes more slower flowing

-leads to more heat and redness (erythema)

Question 10

Transudate

Answer 10

extravascular fluid that has a low protein content and little to no cellular material

• usually where there is not inflammation
• ex: CHF, cerotic liver disease

Question 11

Exudate

Answer 11

extravascular fluid that has a high protein content and much cellular debris

• appears cloudy
• indicates an inflammatory reaction

Question 12

Edema

Answer 12

non-specific term for fluid that has built up in interstitial tissue or body cavity
-could be exudate or transudate

Question 13

Pus

Answer 13

inflammatory exudate that is rich in neutrophils, dead cell debris, and often microbes
-implies inflammatory reaction

Question 14

Effusion

Answer 14

non-specific term implying there is a fluid build up in a body cavity

Question 15

Leukocyte recruitment

Answer 15

after changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, influx of neutrophils, macrophages into tissue

Question 16

Margination

Answer 16

leukocytes move toward edge of blood vesssels

Question 17

Rolling

Answer 17

mediated by “selectins,” rolling WBC binds and releases from selectins to slow it down

Question 18

Adhesion

Answer 18

mediated by “integrins”, cell firmly attaches to endothelial cell

Question 19

Transmigration

Answer 19

mediated by CD31 (PCAM1)

Question 20

Chemotaxis

Answer 20

mediated by chemoattractant such as chemokines and microbes

Question 21

Serous inflammation

Answer 21

cell-poor fluid leaks into spaces created by cell injury or body cavities

• typically not infected
• ex: skin blister following a burn

Question 22

Fibrinous inflammation

Answer 22

• fibrinogen leaks out and fibrin is formed in extracellular spaces
• seen in acute renal failure

Question 23

Purulent (suppurative) inflammation

Answer 23

-characterized by production of pus (exudate containing PMNs, necrotic cell debris, edema fluid)

Question 24

Abscess

Answer 24

localized collection of pus

Question 25

Ulcerative inflammation

Answer 25

local defect in the surface of a tissue due to sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

Question 26

where does ulcerative inflammation occur?

Answer 26

areas of body lined by epithelium, such as genitourinary tract, GI tract, and skin