acute D+ Flashcards
Describe the transmission of canine parvovirus
faecal-oral
3-6 days incubation
virus stable in environment for years
what does parvovirus affect in the body
infects rapidly dividing cells
gut, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue
List the clinical signs of canine parvovirus
V+
haemorrhagic d+
rapid dehydration
depressed anorexic pyrexic
ileus
panleucopaenia
describe how to diagnose canine parvovirus
signalment and clinical signs
faecal analysis - snap test
haem and bio- panleukopenia
Describe how to manage a canine parvovirus case
Isolate
fluid therapy
antibiotics - broad spec
anti-emetics
pro-motility meds
antacid drugs and ulcer coating meds
what causes Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis
mostly idiopathic
small breed dogs usually
how does Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis tend to present
v+ may have blood in it
foetid D+
depression , anorexia
describe how to treat coronavirus in dog
if severe= supportive IVFT and nutritional support for GI tract
T/F you should treat bacteria when you find them in faecal sample
False- make sure to correlate the bacteria with the clinical signs
A lot of commensals present
when do we tend to see campylobacter in dog
in young, immunocompromised animals or those with additional infectious agents (giardia, parvo ect)
Describe the clinical signs of campylobacter in dogs
acute enterocolitis
d+ +/- blood/mucus
Vomiting
Straining – large intestinal “type” d+
Fever, abdominal pain
describe how to diagnose campylobacter in dogs
faecal stain/culture
PCR
what dogs does salmonella tend to affect
young
immunocompromised
animals with concurrent infections
what are the 4 possible scenarios after salmonella infection
Transient asymptomatic diarrhoea
Acute Gastroenteritis
Carrier state
Bacteraemia
Describe the clinical signs of salmonella
haemorrhagic diarrhoea, pyrexia and sepsis
which dogs are mostly likely to be affected by ascarids
puppies
adults have low burdens and worm migration patterns are different
list the signs seen with ascarids
failure to gain weight
pot bellied appearance
V+ SI D+
obstruction of GIT if large burdens
describe how to treat coccidian
mild disease is self-limiting - if not treat with sulphonamides
treat underlying disease
describe how to treat crypto in dogs
Dietary manipulation and neutraceuticals
Antibiotics of limited benefit – tylosin, azithromycin and paromomycin
Describe how to treat giardia
Fenbendazole and metronidazole
describe how to diagnose giardia
faecal smear evaluation
SNAP test
immunofluorescence assay
is Tritrichomonas foetus more likely to affect dogs or cats
cats
describe how to diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus
microscopy, culture or PCR
describe how to treat Tritrichomonas foetus
ronidazole
need to also affect environment- GIT health
What metabolic disease can cause acute diarrhoea?
Hypoadrenocorticism
What anatomic disease can cause acute diarrhoea?
Intussusception
FB
T/F Mixed infections as the cause of acute diarrhoea carry worse CS and disease
True
What viruses can cause acute diarrhoea?
Parvo
Corona
Adeno
Rotavirus
What bacteria can cause acute diarrhoea?
Salmonella
Campylobacter
E.coli
Clostridium (perfringens and difficile)
S
What protozoa can cause acute diarrhoea?
Giardia
Tritrichomonas
What does HGE diarrhoea look like?
Brown water
How are HGE cases managed?
Fluid therapy
Antimicrobial
Colloid/plasma/whole blood
What does four quadrant antimicrobial cover mean?
Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Aerobes
Anaerobes
T/F Feline parvo is transmitted, diagnosed and treated in the same way as canine parvo
True
What organ does dog coronavirus mainly impact?
small intestine
T/F Campylobacter is a commensal in dogs
True
What type of diet increases the chance of Salmonella infection?
raw
What type of clostridia are normal commensals?
C.perfrigens
C.difficile
T/F E.coli is not a normal commensal and faecal isolate
False it is
What protozoa should you always test for in progressive diarrhoea?
Giardia
How is giardia transmitted?
Faeco-oral
What protozoal parasite is strictly large intestine?
Tritrichomonas
What is the benefit of adsorbants in acute diarrhoea cases?
Absorb toxins
Bind water
Coat or protect mucosa
Bind flora
What is the function of peridale granules?
Increases the bulk of intestinal contents
Promotes peristalsis
Easy passage of soft stool
What are the indications for the use of peridale granules?
Management of infected anal sacs
Control of stool consistency following surgery
Constipation
What is the most common example of a combined pre and probiotics product?
Prokolin
What are the two types of antimotility drugs?
Opiates
Spasmolytics
What opiate is most commonly used as an anti-motility?
Loperamid / morphine
What does using morphine lead to in the acute diarrhoea case?
constipation
What species of animal should opiates as an anti-motility drug not be used in?
cat
T/F Prokinetics are rarely indicated in acute diarrhoea
true
What are examples of prokinetics?
Metoclopramide
Erythromycin
Ranitidine
Lidocaine
On haematology, what is the most common reason for polycythaemia?
dehydration
How to treat clostridia infections
metronidazole
does the presence of a pathogenic bacteria on faecal culture confirm bacterial enteritis
No
when do we treat salmonella or campylobacter infections
if severe sepsis is present and we have cultured the faeces
How to diagnose parsites
faceal exam
how to diagnose cryptosporidium infections
faecal smear
immonflouresence assay
PCR
define prebiotics
selevite substrate used by beneficial species that can alter the intestinal flora
define probiotics
living organisms that exert benefit beyond nutrition
indications for antimicrobial use
helicobacter
infectious diarrhoea
loss of GI mucosal integrity
neutropaenia/immunosuppression
