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acute care conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what is a SCI?

A

damage to the spinal cord which causes motor, sensory and autonomic dysfunctions

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2
Q

what are the symptoms of a SCI?

A

paralysis- tetraplegia or paraplegia
muscle weakness
loss of bowel/bladder control
numbness/ tingling in extremities
OH/AD

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3
Q

what is MS?

A

a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the CNS. The immune system attacks the myelin of neurons, making it difficult for the brain to send signals to the rest of the body.

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of MS?

A

ataxia
balance
bladder/ bowel problems
memory and concentration difficulties
sexual dysfunction
fatigue
vision problems
sensory impairment
depression
dizziness
tremor
neuropathic pain
weakness
spasticity
speech/ swallowing problems

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5
Q

how would an MS patient present?

A

visual problems- painful eye movements, double vision
sensory disturbances
weakness
balance problems
l’hermitte’s phenomenon- shooting back pain during neck flexion.

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6
Q

what are the types of MS?

A
  1. relapse remitting MS- symptoms develop over days and then plateau and improve over the next few days.
  2. primary progressive MS- gradual worsening in neurological function without remission periods.
  3. secondary progressive MS- relapse remitting MS develops into gradual progressive disease, with less frequent remissions over time.
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7
Q

what can physios do to treat MS?

A

reduce spasticity
increase muscle strength
increase mobility
correct posture
increase balance and coordination

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8
Q

what is Motor neuron disease?

A

neurodegenerative disorder which causes nerves in the spine and brain to lose function over time.
No cure, but treatment can help relieve symptoms and slow down progression.

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9
Q

what is MND classified into?

A

whether degeneration affects upper motor neurons or lower motor neurons or both.
UMN- hypertonia, hyperreflexia - spasticity, rigidity, clonus, babinski sign.
LMN- SCI

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10
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ?

A

neurodegenerative condition which affects motor neurons which are responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement.
Causes degeneration of both UMN and LMNs.

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of ALS?

A

muscle weakness and atrophy - leads to paralysis
speech and swallowing difficulties
respiratory problems
cognitive and behavioural changes
emotional and psychological impact

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12
Q

what can physios do to treat ALS?

A

ROM exercises, respiratory exercises, maintaining independence, spending time out of bed, reducing dependency, essential mobility, spasticity management, falls risk.

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13
Q

what is Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

autoimmune condition which affects the peripheral nervous system. The immune system attacks the myelin of peripheral nerves resulting in axonal degeneration.

GBS can develop after a upper respiratory tract bacterial or viral infection- body attacks own cells rather than infection.

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of GBS?

A

symmetrical bilateral weakness
sensory loss
impacts respiratory muscles
greater loss of motor function than sensory function
pins and needles sensation
inability to walk
loss of balance
inability to feel textures, heat, pain sensations in limbs
loss of reflexes
difficulty controlling bowel and bladder functions

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15
Q

what is cystic fibrosis?

A

a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to severe respiratory and gastrointestinal complications.

Characterised by thick sticky mucus which obstructs the airways and creates an environment for chronic bacterial infections.

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16
Q

what are the clinical features of CF?

A

productive cough
shortness of breath
mucus production
malnutrition
poor growth
diabetes mellitus due to pancreatic damage
infertility in males- absence of vas deferens

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17
Q

what can physios do to treat CF?

A

airway clearance techniques- ABCT, positioning, percussion.
medical management- DNASE, IV antibiotics, nutritional support, lung transplant.

18
Q

what is bronchiectasis?

A

chronic respiratory condition characterised by the permanent dilation of the bronchi and destruction of the bronchial walls.

damage to bronchial walls- elasticity- repeated infections and inflammation-> bronchial walls lose ability to clear mucus so mucus accumulates.
permanent dilation- persistent inflammation and destruction of component of wall causing dilation.
Mucus accumulation -> breeding ground for bacteria -> recurrent infections and damage.

19
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

chronic cough
sputum production
recurrent respiratory infections
hemoptysis- coughing blood
shortness of breath
chest pain
fatigue
fever
weight loss

20
Q

what treatments are available for bronchiectasis?

A

antibiotics
bronchodilators - open airways + improve airflow
corticosteroids - reduce inflammation
postural drainage
ACBT
smoking cessation

21
Q

what is asthma?

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterised by episodes of airflow obstruction and bronchospasm- affecting the bronchi and bronchioles leading to airflow obstruction.

persistent inflammation of airways -> swelling and hyperactivity of airways which become overly responsive to triggers eg. allergens, cold air. This exposure causes tightening of smooth muscles of the airways -> bronchoconstriction and airflow obstruction.
Increased production of mucus -> further narrowing of airways.

22
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma?

A

wheezing
shortness of breath
chest tightness
worsen with exposure to triggers.

23
Q

how is asthma treated?

A

spirometry- FEV1
bronchodilators
corticosteroids
inhalers- salbutamol
avoid triggers
peak flow meters to monitor lung condition

24
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

an infection which causes inflammation of the lung parenchyma- functional tissue of the lungs.
caused by bacteria, virus or fungi it can affect one or both lungs.
severity ranges from mild to life-threatening.

Pneumonia infection enters respiratory tract and reaches alveoli. The immune system responds with an inflammatory cascade to destroy the infection. Inflammation -> thickened alveolar walls filled with fluid-> consolidation of lung. Inflammation + consolidation -> hypoxia and respiratory distress as exchange of O2 and CO2 in alveoli is disrupted.

25
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

cough
fever
shortness of breath
chest pain
fatigue
chills and sweats
nausea
headache
confusion

26
Q

how is pneumonia treated?

A

antibiotics
antiviral/ antifungal therapy
oxygen therapy
mechanical ventilation
smoking cessation- increases risk

27
Q

what is an anterior resection loop ileostomy (colostomy)?

A

surgical procedure to remove a diseased portion of the colon or rectum, and divert stool away from the surgical site to allow healing and prevent complications.

28
Q

what are the indications for a anterior resection loop ileostomy (colostomy)?

A

bowel or rectal cancer
blockage of intestine
crohn’s disease

29
Q

describe the procedure of a anterior resection loop (colostomy)

A
  1. removal or diseased part of bowel
  2. open surgery vs laparoscopically
  3. incision made in abdomen
  4. end of large bowel is re-attached to rectum
30
Q

what is a hemicolectomy?

A

removal of half of the colon

31
Q

what are the indications for hemicolectomy?

A

Benign or malignant conditions
Bowel disease
Bowel cancer
Complications from inflammatory bowel disease

32
Q

describe the procedure of a hemicolectomy?

A
  1. removal of one side of the colon
  2. attaching small intestine to remaining portion of the colon.
33
Q

what is a coronary artery bypass graft?

A

a procedure where a health artery/ vein is grafted to bypass a blocked artery or vein.

34
Q

what are the indications for a coronary artery bypass graft?

A

atherosclerosis
severe coronary heart disease
angina
acute MI
blockage in coronary arteries

35
Q

describe the procedure for a coronary artery bypass graft?

A
  1. involves taking a blood vessel from another part of the body- chest, leg, arm.
  2. attaching it to coronary artery above and below the narrowed/ blocked area
  3. new vessel is known as a graft
36
Q

what is a laparotomy?

A

a surgical procedure to make an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity- open abdominal surgery.

37
Q

what are the indications of a laparotomy?

A

performed to examine the abdominal organs and aid diagnosis of any problems.
once identified the problem can be fixed during the laparotomy.

38
Q

describe the procedure of a laparotomy?

A
  1. surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
39
Q

what is a thoracotomy?

A

incision into the chest wall to access the thoracic cavity

40
Q

what are the indications for a thoracotomy?

A

distal aortic, cardiac, oesophageal and pulmonary disease
remove part of chest wall
repair heart
remove cyst in chest
repair diaphragm

41
Q

describe the procedure of a thoracotomy?

A

surgical incision made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs or other organs in the chest or thorax, to diagnose or treat an illness.

42
Q

what are some post op- complications that can occur with surgery?

A

Bleeding
infection
damage to surrounding structures
complications with anesthesia

Acute cases (1 decks)

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